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Myopathies in Rheumatology

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Myositis Ossificans

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Causes: Muscle injury, genetic mutations. Symptoms: Painful swelling, limitation in joint movement, calcified masses. Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medication, surgery in severe cases.

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Hypothyroid Myopathy

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Causes: Hypothyroidism. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, stiffness, cramps. Treatment: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

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Myotonic Dystrophy

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Causes: Genetic mutations affecting muscle cell function. Symptoms: Difficulty relaxing muscles, muscle wasting, cataracts. Treatment: Symptomatic relief, physical therapy, pacemaker for cardiac issues.

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Dermatomyositis

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Causes: Autoimmune response, possible viral trigger. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, distinctive skin rash, Gottron's papules. Treatment: Immunosuppressants, physical therapy, sun protection.

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Inclusion Body Myositis

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Causes: Inflammatory and degenerative muscle processes. Symptoms: Progressive weakness, trouble with grip, falls. Treatment: Physical therapy, IV immunoglobulin, wrist braces.

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Rhabdomyolysis

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Causes: Extreme muscle strain, medications, toxins. Symptoms: Muscle pain, weakness, tea-colored urine. Treatment: Aggressive fluid therapy, electrolyte monitoring, removing causal agents.

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Statin-Induced Myopathy

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Causes: Side-effect of statin medications. Symptoms: Muscle aches, tenderness, weakness. Treatment: Discontinuing statins, CoQ10 supplements, switching medications.

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Thyroid Myopathy

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Causes: Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness. Treatment: Anti-thyroid drugs or thyroid hormone replacement, supportive care.

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Mitochondrial Myopathies

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Causes: Genetic mutations in mitochondria. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, neurological issues. Treatment: Supportive care, vitamins and supplements, avoiding triggers.

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Critical Illness Myopathy

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Causes: Prolonged ICU stay, use of certain medications. Symptoms: Severe muscle weakness, difficulty weaning from a ventilator. Treatment: Gradual physical rehabilitation, minimizing sedation and steroids.

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Glycogen Storage Disease

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Causes: Genetic enzyme deficiencies. Symptoms: Muscle cramping, exercise intolerance, myoglobinuria. Treatment: Dietary management, supplements like cornstarch or protein as prescribed.

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Polymyositis

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Causes: Autoimmune response. Symptoms: Symmetrical muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, fatigue. Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents.

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Endocrine Myopathies

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Causes: Hormonal imbalances such as Cushing's syndrome or hyperparathyroidism. Symptoms: Proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy. Treatment: Treating the underlying endocrine disorder.

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Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy

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Causes: Statins, autoimmune conditions. Symptoms: Rapid muscle weakness, dark urine, high muscle enzymes. Treatment: High-dose corticosteroids, IVIG, plasmapheresis.

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Toxic Myopathy

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Causes: Alcohol, drugs, toxins. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, myalgias, elevated creatine kinase. Treatment: Ceasing toxin exposure, supportive care, hydration.

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Lipid Storage Myopathy

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Causes: Genetic defects in lipid metabolism. Symptoms: Exercise intolerance, myalgia, episodes of myoglobinuria. Treatment: Dietary modifications, medium-chain triglyceride supplements.

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Alcohol-Related Myopathy

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Causes: Chronic alcohol use. Symptoms: Muscle cramping, myopathy, painful muscles. Treatment: Abstinence from alcohol, supportive therapy, vitamin supplementation.

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Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy

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Causes: Unknown, possible autoimmune mechanism. Symptoms: Symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, dysphagia, interstitial lung disease. Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, physical therapy.

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Congenital Myopathies

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Causes: Genetic mutations affecting muscle fibers. Symptoms: Muscle weakness from birth, hypotonia, developmental delays. Treatment: Multidisciplinary approach, supportive therapies, assistive devices.

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Fibromyalgia

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Causes: Unknown, potential genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms: Widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties. Treatment: Medication, exercise, stress reduction.

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