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Assesses shape, swelling, skin changes, and deformities such as ulnar deviation or swan-neck deformity often seen in rheumatoid arthritis.

Determines the presence of tenderness, warmth, or synovitis suggestive of active inflammation, such as in rheumatoid arthritis.

Evaluates functional impairment and potential muscle weakness, which may indicate systemic involvement in conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus.

Measures lumbar spine flexion to assess for ankylosing spondylitis or other causes of spinal stiffness.

Evaluates for sacroiliitis. Pain elicited by dropping from toes to heels suggests inflammation in the sacroiliac joints as seen in ankylosing spondylitis.

Assesses for hip or sacroiliac joint pathology; pain may indicate osteoarthritis or sacroiliitis.

Used to detect sacroiliac joint dysfunction; pain while performing the test suggests sacroiliitis.

Assesses the medial collateral ligament integrity; laxity or pain may suggest ligamentous injury or associated joint disease.

Evaluates the lateral collateral ligament; increased laxity or pain may indicate ligament injury or joint disease.

Detects small amounts of fluid in the knee joint, as might be seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.

Assesses for meniscal injury or significant intra-articular pathology which may coexist with arthritic changes.

Evaluates for muscle wasting which may occur due to disuse or neurogenic causes secondary to inflammatory arthropathies.

Evaluates for radiculopathy or sciatic nerve irritation which can be seen in inflammatory spinal conditions.

Assesses for subacromial impingement or rotator cuff pathology, which may be present in rheumatologic conditions affecting the shoulder.

Used to detect rotator cuff impingement, which may be worsened by inflammatory processes in the shoulder.

Identifies shoulder impingement involving the rotator cuff tendons, commonly affected in rheumatologic conditions.

Assesses for carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis due to synovial inflammation.

Tests for carpal tunnel syndrome where the median nerve is compressed by swollen synovium and tendons in rheumatoid patients.

Detects meniscal tears within the knee, which may be concurrent with degenerative arthritic processes.

Evaluates for De Quervain's tenosynovitis, an inflammation of the wrist tendons, sometimes associated with rheumatic diseases.

Differentiates between joint contracture and intrinsic muscle tightness in the hand, which may arise from chronic joint inflammation.

Assesses for extensor tendon inflammation or rupture in rheumatoid arthritis, which may affect the MCP joints.

Used to assess for ulnar nerve palsy, which could be due to entrapment or pressure from inflamed tissues in rheumatologic conditions.

Identifies weakness of the hip abductor muscles like the gluteus medius, which can be affected by degenerative or inflammatory hip diseases.

Evaluates for rectus femoris contracture, which may be secondary to hip diseases or knee joint pathologies.

Observation and assessment for protrusion of the scapula away from the rib cage, which may indicate neurological dysfunction or muscle illness related to systemic conditions.

Assesses for hip flexion contractures which could happen secondary to hip joint diseases or lower spinal problems.

Primarily for assessing acute abdomen conditions like cholecystitis, however palpation in this area may also reveal discomfort related to lower rib or upper abdominal musculoskeletal issues.