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Time period: circa 4500 - 1900 BCE; Major contributions: Cuneiform writing, ziggurats, and the wheel.

Time period: circa 2334 - 2154 BCE; Major contributions: The Akkadian Empire, the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia, and the Akkadian language.

Time period: circa 1894 - 539 BCE; Major contributions: Code of Hammurabi, developments in mathematics and astronomy.

Time period: circa 2500 - 609 BCE; Major contributions: Military innovations, extensive libraries, and relief art.

Time period: 626 – 539 BCE; Major contributions: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, advancements in astronomy, and the rebuilding of Babylon.

Time period: circa 1600 – 1180 BCE; Major contributions: Iron smelting technology and legal innovations.

Time period: 1200 – 930 BCE; Major contributions: The development of Judaism, monotheism, and the Hebrew Bible.

Time period: circa 1500 – 300 BCE; Major contributions: The Phoenician alphabet, expansion of trade across the Mediterranean, and shipbuilding.

Time period: circa 550 – 330 BCE; Major contributions: The Royal Road, Zoroastrianism, and a bureaucratic administration system.

Time period: circa 2700 – 539 BCE; Major contributions: Elamite script and advancements in metallurgy.

Time period: circa 1500 – 1300 BCE; Major contributions: Horse training techniques and treaties with other empires.

Time period: circa 1200 – 732 BCE; Major contributions: The Aramaic language and cultural exchanges through trade networks.

Time period: circa 1200 – 546 BCE; Major contributions: Invention of coinage, strong trade economy, and influential cultural elements.

Time period: circa 678 – 549 BCE; Major contributions: The consolidation of the Median tribes into a single empire and the Median Walls.