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Ancient Middle Eastern Art and Architecture
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Sumerian Architecture
Characterized by the construction of ziggurats, the use of mud-brick, and intricate mosaic artwork. Examples include the Ziggurat of Ur and the Standard of Ur.
Akkadian Art
Features include the use of bronze casting in statues, introduction of the stele, and themes of kingship and power. Examples are the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin and the Bronze Head of an Akkadian ruler.
Babylonian Art
Known for its craftsmanship in stone and glazed brickwork, and the integration of written script with art. The Ishtar Gate and the Code of Hammurabi stele are significant examples.
Assyrian Art
Characteristics include monumental palatial decorations, colossal gate guardian statues (lamassu), and detailed low-relief sculptures. Examples are the wall reliefs from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II and the Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II.
Persian Art
This style is marked by the grandiosity of architectural sites like Persepolis, elaborate columned halls, and bas-relief sculptures depicting multicultural subjects within the empire. Examples include the Apadana Palace and the reliefs of the staircases showing the Immortals.
Hittite Art
Known for monumental stone carvings, the use of orthostats, and fortification gates. Examples include the Lion's Gate at Hattusa and the Yazilikaya rock sanctuary.
Phoenician Art
Recognized for its luxury goods like carved ivory, glassware, and metalwork, alongside being skilled shipbuilders and traders. Examples include the Ahiram Sarcophagus and the Eshmunazar II sarcophagus.
Hebrew Art and Architecture
While few examples survive, characteristics include functional pottery, textiles, and limited architectural remains due to religious aniconism. The Second Temple and various seals are examples.
Elamite Art
Characterized by large mud-brick platforms, ziggurats, cylinder seals, and small-scale bronze sculptures. Examples include the ziggurat at Choqa Zanbil and artworks found at the city of Susa.
Eblaite Art
Known for its extensive library with cuneiform tablets, intricate metalwork, and use of basalt in construction. Examples can be found among the ruins of Ebla.
Minoan Art
Characterized by frescos with naturalistic motifs, pottery with marine themes, and lavish palaces like Knossos. Although it's primarily associated with Crete, the influence reached the Middle East.
Mycenaean Art
Features include tomb architecture such as tholos tombs, gold death masks, and fortification walls termed 'Cyclopean.' Examples include the Treasury of Atreus and the Mask of Agamemnon.
Canaanite Art
Art of Canaan is characterized by small terracotta figurines, use of bronze and ivory in artifacts, and culturally syncretic influences due to trade connections. Archaeological examples are found throughout the Levant.
Armenian Architecture
Ancient Armenian architecture is known for its early Christian churches, use of stone carvings, and distinctive pointed domes. Notable examples include the Cathedral of Ani and the Temple of Garni.
Neo-Hittite Art
After the fall of the Hittite empire, the art that emerged in the remaining city-states is recognized by its hieroglyphic scripts, monumental stone sculptures, and orthogonal city planning. Karatepe and Carchemish are examples illustrating this style.
Uruk Period Art
Signifies one of the earliest phases in Mesopotamian art, with examples of cylinder seals, the emergence of cuneiform script, and monumental architecture like the Anu Ziggurat and the White Temple.
Amorite Art
Amorite culture is nebulous due to their assimilation into Mesopotamian societies, but artifacts include votive statues, cylinder seals, and inscriptions. Mari and its palace archives provide context.
Kassite Art
The Kassites ruled over Babylonia and left behind artifacts such as kudurrus (boundary stones), and they continued the traditions of Babylonian art, albeit with less prominence. Examples are found in Babylon and Nippur.
Parthian Art
Features a combination of Persian and Hellenistic influences with emphasis on frontal poses in sculpture, decorative friezes, and richly ornamented architecture. The Hatra site and the statues from Palmyra exemplify this fusion.
Sassanian Art
Marked by large-scale rock reliefs, sumptuous metalwork, and palatial architecture like the Palace of Ardashir. Examples of rock reliefs include Naqsh-e Rostam and Naqsh-e Rajab.
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