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Perfected by Muslim chemists such as Al-Kindi and Jabir ibn Hayyan, this process is crucial in chemistry and industry.

Invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953, could hold ink and write on paper without refilling.

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, laid the foundational principles for algebra, greatly influencing mathematics.

The concept of the modern hospital with wards and teaching centers originated in the Medieval Islamic world.

Al-Jazari improved and mechanized water clocks, developing accurate time-keeping devices.

Al-Khazini's invention which incorporated a system of gears in water clocks to show the passage of temporal hours.

Originated in Yemen 15th century, coffee has become a major social and economic commodity worldwide.

Al-Jazari's invention of a double-action reciprocating piston pump, an early concept of internal combustion engines.

Invented by Muslim traders during the Islamic Golden Age, it revolutionized commerce and banking.

Originally developed by the Phoenicians, and later perfected by the Islamic world, critical for hygiene and public health.

Developed by astronomers in the Islamic Golden Age, it was crucial for navigation and understanding celestial movements.

Introduced by the prophet Muhammad, the idea was developed further during the Islamic Golden Age to prevent disease spread.

Al-Idrisi, created detailed maps of the world which were used for centuries by travelers and scholars.

Popularized through the translations of Arabic texts, it was vital for mathematics and calculating systems.

The game of chess was transformed and widely spread by the Persians, enhancing its strategic elements.

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, this concept is fundamental in computer science for solving problems and data processing.

Al-Mawsili developed a hollow needle to remove cataracts from eyes, improving ophthalmology.

A set of five tiles that were used to create complex, repeating Islamic geometric patterns in architecture.

First utilized in Persia for irrigation and milling, it became a fixture in renewable energy concepts.

Al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859, is considered the first university providing structured education.

Abbās ibn Firnās invented a device to slow falling from heights, a precursor to the modern parachute.

Ibn al-Haytham, allowed for the study of optics and light which influenced the development of photography.

Al-Zahrawi, often known as the father of modern surgery, his techniques and instruments had an enduring impact.

The Miswak, a tooth-cleaning twig, is a precursor to the modern toothbrush, promoting dental hygiene.