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Middle Eastern Inventions and Discoveries

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Algebra

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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, laid the foundational principles for algebra, greatly influencing mathematics.

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Coffee

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Originated in Yemen 15th century, coffee has become a major social and economic commodity worldwide.

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Check (financial)

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Invented by Muslim traders during the Islamic Golden Age, it revolutionized commerce and banking.

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Algorithm

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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, this concept is fundamental in computer science for solving problems and data processing.

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Astrometry

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Developed by astronomers in the Islamic Golden Age, it was crucial for navigation and understanding celestial movements.

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Hospitals

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The concept of the modern hospital with wards and teaching centers originated in the Medieval Islamic world.

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The Pinhole Camera (Camera Obscura)

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Ibn al-Haytham, allowed for the study of optics and light which influenced the development of photography.

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Surgery

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Al-Zahrawi, often known as the father of modern surgery, his techniques and instruments had an enduring impact.

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Soap

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Originally developed by the Phoenicians, and later perfected by the Islamic world, critical for hygiene and public health.

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The Concept of Zero ('0')

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Popularized through the translations of Arabic texts, it was vital for mathematics and calculating systems.

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Cartography

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Al-Idrisi, created detailed maps of the world which were used for centuries by travelers and scholars.

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Distillation

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Perfected by Muslim chemists such as Al-Kindi and Jabir ibn Hayyan, this process is crucial in chemistry and industry.

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Windmill

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First utilized in Persia for irrigation and milling, it became a fixture in renewable energy concepts.

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Cataract surgery

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Al-Mawsili developed a hollow needle to remove cataracts from eyes, improving ophthalmology.

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Chess

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The game of chess was transformed and widely spread by the Persians, enhancing its strategic elements.

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University

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Al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859, is considered the first university providing structured education.

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Girih Tiles

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A set of five tiles that were used to create complex, repeating Islamic geometric patterns in architecture.

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Fountain Pen

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Invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953, could hold ink and write on paper without refilling.

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Parachute

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Abbās ibn Firnās invented a device to slow falling from heights, a precursor to the modern parachute.

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Numerals (Hindu-Arabic)

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Adopted and spread by Arabs, these numerals are now the most widely used numeric system globally.

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Quarantine

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Introduced by the prophet Muhammad, the idea was developed further during the Islamic Golden Age to prevent disease spread.

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The Toothbrush

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The Miswak, a tooth-cleaning twig, is a precursor to the modern toothbrush, promoting dental hygiene.

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Water Clock (Clepsydra)

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Al-Jazari improved and mechanized water clocks, developing accurate time-keeping devices.

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Combustion Engine

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Al-Jazari's invention of a double-action reciprocating piston pump, an early concept of internal combustion engines.

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The Steppe

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Al-Khazini's invention which incorporated a system of gears in water clocks to show the passage of temporal hours.

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