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Religion in the Middle East
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Ramadan
The ninth month of the Islamic calendar observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting, prayer, reflection and community.
Sunni
The largest denomination of Islam, followers believe in the legitimacy of the first four caliphs.
Zionism
A movement for the re-establishment, development, and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel.
Kaaba
A cuboid building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Covenant
An agreement found in the Hebrew Bible between God and the Israelites, including those such as the Mosaic Covenant.
Eucharist
A Christian sacrament in which bread and wine are consumed as memorials of Jesus's Last Supper with his disciples.
Shia
One of the two main branches of Islam, followers believe in the authority of Imams, descendants of Ali.
Baptism
A Christian sacrament of initiation and purification involving the use of water.
Torah
The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
Shahada
The Islamic creed, it is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and means 'the testimony'.
Monotheism
The belief in only one God, significant in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Caliphate
An Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward known as a caliph.
Jihad
An Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims; often misunderstood as meaning 'holy war'.
Tawhid
An Islamic concept declaring the oneness of God. It is the religion's most fundamental concept and its central theological principle.
Sufism
A mystical form of Islam that seeks to find divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God.
Pentecost
A Christian feast day commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ.
Ark of the Covenant
In Judaism and Christianity, a gold-covered wooden chest containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments.
Wahhabism
An Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It is a strict form of Sunni Islam.
Salat
The practice of formal prayer in Islam; it is one of the Five Pillars and is performed five times each day by Muslims.
Trinity
A central Christian doctrine that defines God as three consubstantial persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
Sharia
Islamic religious law that governs not only religious rituals but aspects of day-to-day life in Islam.
Rosh Hashanah
The Jewish New Year, a two-day celebration that marks the beginning of the Jewish High Holy Days each autumn.
Synagogue
A Jewish house of worship where congregational services and religious learning take place.
Imam
An Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community among Sunni Muslims; among Shia Muslims, one of the Twelve Imams is considered infallible and the true spiritual successor to Muhammad.
Iconoclasm
The destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives, commonly associated with major periods of history within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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