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Oil and Politics in the Middle East

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Discovery of Oil in Persia (1908)

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First major oil discovery in the Middle East, leading to the creation of Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Political implications included Western influence and control in the region.

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Suez Crisis (1956)

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Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, a critical chokepoint for oil transport. Led to a brief conflict with the U.K., France, and Israel. Showed the strategic importance of Middle Eastern oil.

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OPEC Foundation (1960)

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OPEC was created to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries. Political implications include cartel's influence on global oil prices and supply.

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Nationalization of Aramco (1970s)

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Saudi Arabia nationalized Aramco, becoming Saudi Aramco, which impacted global oil markets significantly. It represented a move towards sovereignty over natural resources.

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Yom Kippur War (1973)

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Resulted in the 1973 oil crisis when Arab members of OPEC imposed an oil embargo against countries supporting Israel, showcasing oil's use as a political weapon.

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Iranian Revolution (1979)

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The revolution led to a significant drop in Iran's oil production, causing another oil crisis. It had massive global economic consequences and increased tension between the U.S. and Iran.

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Gulf War (1990-91)

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Iraq's invasion of Kuwait led to a disruption in oil production and fears of oil spills in the Persian Gulf. Showcased the strategic significance of Middle East oil reserves.

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Development of the Rumaila Field

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One of the largest oil fields in the world, located in southern Iraq. Its development highlighted Iraq's potential as a major oil producer and the importance of resource control.

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Discovery of Oil in Saudi Arabia (1938)

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The discovery at Dammam No. 7 led to Saudi Arabia becoming a pivotal oil producer. Established the country's wealth and influence and its strategic partnership with the United States.

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Creation of the Iraq Petroleum Company

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Formed to explore and exploit oil concessions in modern-day Iraq. Resulted in significant foreign influence in Iraq's oil industry and ongoing tensions over oil profits.

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Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962)

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Led to the rise in the nationalization of oil industries in North Africa and Algerian control over its own oil resources, embedding energy security into national policies.

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Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

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Both countries suffered huge losses in oil production and exports. The war highlighted the vulnerability of oil infrastructure to military conflict.

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Saudi Oil Facilities Drone Attack (2019)

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A drone strike on Saudi oil facilities caused a significant temporary cut in oil production. Raised concerns over the vulnerability of oil infrastructure to attacks and geopolitical risk.

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Qatar leaves OPEC (2019)

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Qatar's departure from OPEC reflected its desire to focus on natural gas production and potential tensions within the group. Illustrated changing dynamics in global energy markets.

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Oil Price Collapse (2020)

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Caused by a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia and the COVID-19 pandemic. Led to stock market crashes and reinforced the interconnectedness of global politics and energy markets.

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US Shale Boom

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Advances in fracking technology have made US one of the world's leading oil producers, impacting OPEC's influence and leading to energy policy shifts.

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National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)

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State-owned oil and natural gas producer in Iran, one of the largest oil companies in the world. Its operations and revenues are heavily affected by international sanctions.

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Nigerian Oil Industry and Militancy

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Disputes over oil wealth have led to militancy in the Niger Delta. Security concerns, environmental damage, and community impacts have political and economic consequences.

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Venezuelan Oil Crisis

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Economic mismanagement, corruption, and sanctions have crippled Venezuela's oil industry, leading to a decline in production despite having the world's largest reserves.

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Arctic Oil Exploration

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Melting ice opens new routes and potential for oil and gas exploration in the Arctic, leading to environmental concerns and geopolitical tensions between Arctic nations.

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