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Time in power: 1954–1970. Major policies: Nationalization of the Suez Canal, implementation of Arab socialism, nonalignment during the Cold War, Pan-Arabism.

Time in power: 1970–1981. Major policies: Infitah (Economic Open Door Policy), Camp David Accords with Israel, realignment towards the West.

Time in power: 1981–2011. Major policies: Economic liberalization, peacekeeping in the region, political suppression.

Time in power: 1979–2003. Major policies: Arab nationalism, war with Iran, invasion of Kuwait, suppression of Kurdish and Shia uprisings.

Time in power: 1971–2000. Major policies: Authoritarianism, Ba'athist socialist reforms, military expansion, Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

Time in power: 2000–present. Major policies: Continuation of Ba'athist authoritarianism, responses to the Syrian Civil War, economic and political isolation by Western powers.

Time in power: 1969–2004 as PLO leader. Major policies: Advocacy for Palestinian statehood, involvement in the Oslo Accords, maneuvering the PLO from guerrilla warfare to a diplomatic organization.

Time in power: 1979–1989. Major policies: Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, anti-Western ideology, overseeing the Iran-Iraq War, Fatwa against Salman Rushdie.

Time in power: 2005–2013. Major policies: Populist economic policy, nuclear program expansion, confrontation with the West, Holocaust denial rhetoric.

Time in power: 1952–1999. Major policies: Modernization of Jordan, maintaining stability in a volatile region, peace treaty with Israel.

Time in power: 1969–1974. Major policies: Strengthening the Israeli military, navigating the Yom Kippur War, managing relations with the USSR and USA.

Time in power: 1948–1954, 1955–1963. Major policies: Establishing State of Israel, developing the Israeli Defense Forces, immigration encouragement and integration.

Time in power: 1996–1999, 2009–2021. Major policies: Neoliberal economic reforms, counter-terrorism measures, opposition to the Iran nuclear deal.

Time in power: Prime Minister 2003–2014, President 2014–present. Major policies: Economic reforms leading to growth, neo-Ottoman foreign policy, controversial constitutional changes increasing presidential powers.

Time in power: 1923–1938. Major policies: Secular reforms, abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate and Caliphate, westernization of Turkish society, linguistic reform.

Time in power: 2015–present. Major policies: Vision 2030 economic diversification, involvement in Yemen's civil war, measures to moderate Saudi society.

Time in power: 1969–2011. Major policies: Third International Theory, promotion of Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism, support for international revolutionary movements.

Time in power: 2006–2014. Major policies: Post-U.S. invasion power consolidation, sectarian governance, struggle against ISIS insurgency.

Time in power: 1939–1958. Major policies: Attempted modernization and Arab unity, undermined by internal conflict and external pressures, overthrown by a military coup.

Time in power: President since 2016. Major policies: Struggle to implement reforms, facing political stalemates, managing Lebanon's severe economic crisis.

Time in power: 2006–2020. Major policies: Diplomacy and humanitarian efforts, steering Kuwait through the 2009 oil crash and Arab Spring, resistance to Islamist political influence.

Time in power: President of the UAE from 2004 until his passing in 2022. Major policies: Economic diversification, development of the UAE as a regional power, philanthropic endeavors internationally.

Time in power: Ruler of Dubai since 2006. Major policies: Economic diversification, large-scale infrastructure projects, promotion of Dubai as a global hub.

Time in power: Prime Minister of Bangladesh 1996–2001, 2009–present. Major policies: Digital Bangladesh initiative, economic development, women's rights advancement.