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Creator of the Hammurabi code, one of the earliest written legal systems, 18th century BCE.

Established one of the world's first empires, the Akkadian Empire, 24th to 23rd centuries BCE.

King of Babylon, known for the construction of the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire's expansion, 6th century BCE.

Founder of the Achaemenid Empire, famous for his humane rule and respect for cultures, 6th to 5th centuries BCE.

Persian Emperor who expanded the Achaemenid Empire and introduced administrative systems, 6th to 5th centuries BCE.

Persian king known for his invasion of Greece, which included the famous Battle of Thermopylae, 5th century BCE.

King of Assyria famous for his vast library in Nineveh, one of the earliest surviving libraries, 7th century BCE.

Assyrian king known for his military campaigns and the siege of Jerusalem, 8th to 7th centuries BCE.

One of the first and most successful female pharaohs of Egypt, 18th dynasty, 15th century BCE.

Pharaoh known for his architectural achievements and the Battle of Kadesh, 19th dynasty, 13th century BCE.

Young pharaoh known primarily for his intact tomb discovered in 1922, 18th dynasty, 14th century BCE.

Queen alongside Pharaoh Akhenaten, famous for her beauty and influence, 14th century BCE.

Pharaoh known for a religious revolution and the worship of Aten, 18th dynasty, 14th century BCE.

Ancient religious leader and founder of Zoroastrianism, dates vary but possibly 6th century BCE.

Sumerian king of Uruk and central figure in the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest great works of literature, circa 2700 BCE.

Chancellor to the pharaoh Djoser, polymath and architect built the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, 27th century BCE.

Pharaoh known as the 'Napoleon of Egypt', expanded Egypt to its largest extent, 18th dynasty, 15th century BCE.

Monarch mentioned in various religious texts, purported ruler of the kingdom of Sheba, dates vary, associated with the 10th century BCE.

King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, renowned collector of cuneiform documents, 7th century BCE.

The founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and noted for his role in the Crusades, particularly the recapture of Jerusalem, 12th century CE.

Legendary Assyrian queen, reputedly the inspiration for the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, dates and historicity debated.

Longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, known for architectural contributions and legal reforms, 16th century CE.

King of Ur and creator of the Code of Ur-Nammu, one of the oldest law codes, 21st century BCE.

Persian polymath, wrote 'The Book of Healing' and 'The Canon of Medicine', 10th to 11th centuries CE.