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Founding Caliph: Abu Bakr, Duration: 632–661 CE, Historical Importance: Establishment of the first major Islamic caliphate and significant military expansion.

Founding Caliph: Muawiya I, Duration: 661–750 CE, Historical Importance: Massive territorial expansion, establishment of Arabic as the administrative language, and the development of a bureaucracy.

Founding Caliph: As-Saffah, Duration: 750–1258 CE, Historical Importance: Golden age of Islamic culture, science, and trade. Established Baghdad as the capital.

Founding Caliph: Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, Duration: 909–1171 CE, Historical Importance: Promoted Ismaili Shia Islam and established Cairo as a major cultural, artistic, and intellectual center.

Founding Caliph: Osman I (Ottoman dynasty), Duration: 1517–1924 CE, Historical Importance: Longest-lasting caliphate, large influence over both Islamic and European spheres, significant artistic and architectural contributions.

Founding Caliph: Abd ar-Rahman III, Duration: 929–1031 CE, Historical Importance: Prominent cultural, economic, and educational center in medieval Europe, notable for the Great Mosque of Cordoba.

Founding Caliph: Abd al-Mu'min, Duration: 1121–1269 CE, Historical Importance: Fostered a movement for religious reform, known for architectural masterpieces like the Giralda and Koutoubia mosques.

Founding Caliph: Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Duration: 1040–1147 CE, Historical Importance: Unified the western Islamic world, notable for its military conquests and bringing stability to Muslim territories in Iberia and North Africa.

Founding Caliph: Usman dan Fodio, Duration: 1804–1903 CE, Historical Importance: Largest empire in Africa during the 19th century, reformed Islam in the region, promoted learning, and trade.