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Developed the psychoanalytic theory and the concept of the unconscious mind. Introduced structural model of the psyche comprising the id, ego, and superego.

Pioneered the field of behaviorism and developed the theory of operant conditioning. Introduced the concepts of reinforcement and punishment.

Founded humanistic psychology and created client-centered therapy. Emphasized unconditional positive regard, empathy, and the importance of the self-concept.

Formulated social learning theory (later called social cognitive theory) and conducted the Bobo doll experiment. Introduced the concept of self-efficacy.

Developed a theory of cognitive development in children, outlining stages including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Best known for his work on classical conditioning. Discovered and described the process of how organisms learn to associate stimuli.

Known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.

Developed the theory of psychosocial development which outlines eight stages of psychological development from infancy to adulthood. Defined the concept of identity crisis.

Considered the father of behaviorism. Advocated for the scientific study of observable behavior and conducted the Little Albert experiment.

Established the first psychology laboratory and is often referred to as the father of experimental psychology. Introduced introspection as a method of psychological observation.

One of the leading figures in the development of American psychology and philosophy. Developed the philosophy of pragmatism and the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development. Introduced the concepts of the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

Revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theory of generative grammar. Criticized behaviorist views of language acquisition and proposed the concept of an innate language acquisition device (LAD).

Founder of individual psychology. Proposed the concept of the inferiority complex and stressed the importance of social interest and community feeling.

Developed analytical psychology. Introduced the concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types (extroversion and introversion).

Known as the father of social psychology. Introduced the field theory in psychology, the concept of group dynamics, and the importance of leadership styles and organizational development.

Developed cognitive therapy, which became the foundation for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Known for his work on cognitive distortions and the negative cognitive triad associated with depression.

Known for her research on the malleability of human memory and the misinformation effect. Her work has profound implications for the reliability of eyewitness testimony.

Developed the ecological systems theory to explain how a child's environment affects their development. Identified five environmental systems with which an individual interacts.