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Beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and stimulate growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms.

Substances or microorganisms applied to plants or soils to improve vigor, yields, and stress tolerance, without being fertilizers themselves.

Study of microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants that aid in the digestion of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates.

Breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Microorganisms used to combat agricultural pests and diseases, minimizing the use of harmful chemicals.

The microbial conversion of ammonia to nitrate, an important step in nitrogen cycling in soil.

The soil region immediately surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions and associated microbial activity.

The process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia by the action of diazotrophs, benefiting plant growth.

Conversion of insoluble phosphates to soluble forms by microbial action, making it accessible to plants.

The variety of microscopic organisms in soil that contribute to nutrient cycling, soil structure, and plant health.

A group of filamentous bacteria known for their role in soil health and as a source of antibiotics, which can protect crops from pathogens.

Biological agents used to control agricultural pests, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

The aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, resulting in the production of a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

Microbial inoculants that enhance nutrient supply to crops, promoting sustainable agriculture.

The process by which microbes anaerobically convert plant materials into stable and nutritious feed for livestock.

A plant disease caused by bacterial pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum, leading to wilting and often death of affected plants.

A mutualistic association between fungi and plant roots that enhances nutrient and water uptake.

The mutualistic relationship between leguminous plants and Rhizobium bacteria that results in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

The use of microorganisms to remove pollutants or contaminants from soil and water, improving agricultural land quality.