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Antiparasitic Drugs

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Pentamidine

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Mechanism of action: Interferes with nuclear metabolism leading to inhibition of synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and proteins. Targets Pneumocystis jirovecii and Trypanosoma species.

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Miltefosine

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Mechanism of action: Disrupts mitochondrial membranes, inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, and induces apoptosis. Targets Leishmania species.

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Melarsoprol

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Mechanism of action: Reactive arsenical, binds to sulfhydryl groups in parasitic enzymes, disrupting metabolism. Targets Trypanosoma brucei (African trypanosomiasis).

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Suramin

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Mechanism of action: Binds to parasitic enzymes and inhibits parasitic glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Targets Trypanosoma brucei (African trypanosomiasis).

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Albendazole

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Mechanism of action: Causes degenerative alterations in the intestinal cells, inhibits microtubule synthesis. Targets a broad range of helminths including nematodes and tapeworms.

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Metronidazole

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Mechanism of action: Forms toxic free radicals which damage DNA. Targets protozoans like Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia.

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Chloroquine

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Mechanism of action: Interferes with the parasite's ability to metabolize and utilize erythrocyte hemoglobin. Targets Plasmodium species (malaria).

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Ivermectin

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Mechanism of action: Increases invertebrate muscle cell membrane permeability to chloride ions with hyperpolarization and paralysis. Targets onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.

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Mebendazole

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Mechanism of action: Inhibits tubulin synthesis and glucose uptake, leading to death of adult worms. Targets hookworms, pinworms, and roundworms.

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Pyrimethamine

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Mechanism of action: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, halting folic acid synthesis and therefore nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Targets Plasmodium species (malaria).

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Nifurtimox

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Mechanism of action: Generates toxic radicals, leading to a loss of essential parasite cellular functions. Targets Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease).

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Nitazoxanide

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Mechanism of action: Interferes with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase pathway, essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. Targets Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

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Artemisinin

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Mechanism of action: Generates free radicals that damage parasite proteins and membranes. Targets Plasmodium species (malaria).

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Praziquantel

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Mechanism of action: Increases membrane permeability to calcium in parasite, causing paralysis and death. Targets Schistosoma species and other flukes.

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Benznidazole

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Mechanism of action: Forms reactive metabolites that bind to parasite macromolecules and cause oxidative stress. Targets Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease).

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