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Microbiota and Human Health
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Lactobacillus spp.
Aids digestion, boosts immune system, and inhibits pathogenic bacteria growth.
Bifidobacterium spp.
Supports gut barrier function, enhances digestion, and modulates the immune system.
Escherichia coli
Synthesizes vitamin K and helps in the digestion of certain food components.
Clostridium difficile
Can lead to severe diarrhea and colitis, often following antibiotic therapy.
Helicobacter pylori
Linked to peptic ulcers and stomach cancer but also regulates stomach acidity.
Firmicutes
Associated with energy harvest from diet; alterations can affect obesity and metabolic health.
Bacteroidetes
Crucial for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates; imbalance linked to inflammation and obesity.
Candida albicans
Overgrowth can cause candidiasis; normal presence contributes to mucosal immunity.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Protects skin by outcompeting pathogens, but can also cause nosocomial infections.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Anti-inflammatory effects and associated with healthy gut flora; low levels linked to Crohn's disease.
Prevotella spp.
Dominant in individuals with high-fiber diets; potential role in rheumatoid arthritis.
Akkermansia muciniphila
Promotes a healthy mucosal layer in the gut and linked with improved metabolic profiles.
Streptococcus mutans
Major contributor to dental caries through production of lactic acid from sugar.
Propionibacterium acnes
Associated with acne development, but also decomposes skin oils and prevents pathogen colonization.
Ruminococcus spp.
Fermentation of dietary fibers, production of short-chain fatty acids, and potential impact on gut motility.
Veillonella spp.
Associated with lactate metabolism and oral health; may influence athletic performance.
Streptococcus thermophilus
Used in the production of yogurt and cheeses; supports lactose digestion and gut health.
Lactococcus lactis
Important in dairy fermentation; engineered strains used in the production of pharmaceuticals.
Bacteroides fragilis
Protects against intestinal inflammation and is involved in the development of the immune system.
Roseburia spp.
Butyrate-producing bacteria associated with gut health and possibly with protecting against colorectal cancer.
Saccharomyces boulardii
A yeast probiotic that can prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea.
Enterococcus faecalis
Normal gut inhabitant but can be an opportunistic pathogen, especially in hospital settings.
Klebsiella spp.
Part of the normal microbiota but can cause infections if they spread to other parts of the body.
Blautia spp.
Associated with the fermentation of carbohydrates and the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids.
Methanobrevibacter smithii
A methanogen that helps to optimize digestion by removing excess hydrogen gas.
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