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Pathogenic Bacteria
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Leptospira interrogans
Causes leptospirosis. Gram-negative spirochete. Acquired through water contaminated with animal urine.
Vibrio cholerae
Causes cholera. Gram-negative comma-shaped. Produces cholera toxin leading to severe dehydration.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Gram-positive coccus. Encapsulated and often diplococcus shaped.
Legionella pneumophila
Causes Legionnaires' disease. Gram-negative rod. Thrives in water systems, resistant to many disinfection methods.
Helicobacter pylori
Causes gastric ulcers, gastric cancer. Gram-negative, spiral-shaped. Lives in the stomach lining.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Causes respiratory tract infections, UTIs, wound infections. Gram-negative coccobacillus. Notable for multidrug resistance.
Propionibacterium acnes
Associated with acne vulgaris. Gram-positive rod. Anaerobic, part of the normal skin flora.
Bordetella pertussis
Causes whooping cough. Gram-negative coccobacillus. Produces pertussis toxin.
Campylobacter jejuni
Causes gastroenteritis. Gram-negative spiral-shaped. Associated with poultry.
Clostridium difficile
Causes pseudomembranous colitis. Gram-positive rod. Forms spores and produces two major toxins.
Francisella tularensis
Causes tularemia. Gram-negative coccobacillus. Can survive in macrophages.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, UTIs, and sepsis. Gram-negative rod. Encapsulated and known for its mucoid colonies.
Moraxella catarrhalis
Causes otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis. Gram-negative diplococcus. Oxidase-positive, often affects children and COPD patients.
Listeria monocytogenes
Causes listeriosis. Gram-positive rod. Can grow at refrigeration temperatures, affects pregnant women greatly.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Causes chlamydia, trachoma, and lymphogranuloma venereum. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Causes atypical pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen.
Enterococcus faecalis
Causes UTIs, endocarditis, and biliary tree infections. Gram-positive coccus. Known for its high level of antibiotic resistance, including vancomycin.
Bacillus anthracis
Causes anthrax. Gram-positive rod. Forms endospores, found in soil.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Causes atypical pneumonia, also known as 'walking pneumonia'. Lacks a cell wall, smallest self-replicating bacterium.
Neisseria meningitidis
Causes meningococcal meningitis. Gram-negative diplococcus. Capsulated.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes diphtheria. Gram-positive rod. Produces a toxin that can lead to pseudomembrane over the tonsils and pharynx.
Borrelia burgdorferi
Causes Lyme disease. Gram-negative spirochete. Transmitted by ticks.
Bacteroides fragilis
Causes intra-abdominal infections, abscesses. Gram-negative rod. Part of normal gut flora, anaerobic.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Causes strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Gram-positive coccus. Forms chains.
Staphylococcus aureus
Causes skin infections, food poisoning, and MRSA. Gram-positive coccus. Often forms clumps.
Salmonella enterica
Causes salmonellosis and typhoid fever. Gram-negative rod. Transmitted through contaminated food or water.
Yersinia pestis
Causes plague including bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic forms. Gram-negative rod. Vector-borne through fleas.
Clostridium perfringens
Causes gas gangrene, food poisoning. Gram-positive rod. Anaerobic, produces powerful exotoxins.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Causes gonorrhea. Gram-negative diplococcus. Often asymptomatic in females, can disseminate.
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Associated with periodontal disease, Lemierre's syndrome. Gram-negative rod. Anaerobic, found in the oral cavity.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Causes respiratory system infections, UTIs, dermatitis. Gram-negative rod. Notable for its blue-green pigment and multidrug resistance.
Mycobacterium leprae
Causes leprosy (Hansen's disease). Acid-fast bacillus. Prefers cooler temperatures, affects skin and peripheral nerves.
Brucella spp.
Causes brucellosis or undulant fever. Gram-negative coccobacillus. Zoonotic, transmitted from animals to humans.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes tuberculosis. Acid-fast bacillus. Slow-growing, forms complex cell wall.
Treponema pallidum
Causes syphilis. Gram-negative spirochete. Sexually transmitted, has several stages.
Clostridium tetani
Causes tetanus. Gram-positive rod. Anaerobic, produces a neurotoxin that causes muscle contractions.
Serratia marcescens
Causes nosocomial infections, pneumonia, UTIs. Gram-negative rod. Notable for producing red pigment at room temperature.
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Causes non-gonococcal urethritis. Lacks a cell wall. Breaks down urea with its urease enzyme.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen, transmitted by ticks.
Escherichia coli
Causes food poisoning, urinary tract infections. Gram-negative rod. Has many strains with varying pathogenicity.
Shigella spp.
Causes shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. Gram-negative rod. Human-specific pathogen.
Rickettsia rickettsii
Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen, transmitted by ticks.
Clostridium botulinum
Causes botulism. Gram-positive rod. Anaerobic, produces a potent neurotoxin.
Rickettsia prowazekii
Causes epidemic typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen, transmitted by lice.
Haemophilus influenzae
Causes respiratory tract infections, meningitis. Gram-negative coccobacillus. Can be encapsulated.
Gardnerella vaginalis
Causes bacterial vaginosis. Gram-variable rod. Associated with an imbalance of vaginal flora.
Chlamydia psittaci
Causes psittacosis or parrot fever. Gram-negative. Obligate intracellular pathogen, transmitted by birds.
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