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Key products: Lactic acid, NAD+. Significance: Enables ATP production under anaerobic conditions, regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.

Key products: Nitrate, ATP. Significance: Oxidizes ammonia to nitrate, integral part of the nitrogen cycle, used in wastewater treatment.

Key products: Sulfate, ATP. Significance: Enables certain bacteria to use sulfur as an energy source, contributes to the sulfur cycle.

Key products: ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, TTP. Significance: Nucleotides are essential for DNA/RNA synthesis and energy transfer within cells.

Key products: Glucose, oxygen. Significance: Converts light energy into chemical energy, fundamental for life on Earth and oxygen production.

Key products: Ethanol, CO2, NAD+. Significance: Used by yeasts to generate energy anaerobically, important in baking and alcoholic beverage production.

Key products: Ammonia, ATP. Significance: Decomposes organic nitrogen to ammonia, important for nitrogen recycling in ecosystems.

Key products: ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2. Significance: Important for aerobic energy production, provides intermediates for biosynthesis.

Key products: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Significance: Main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxin.

Key products: Protons, electrons, ATP. Significance: Converts molecular hydrogen (H2) to protons and electrons, provides energy for certain bacteria.

Key products: ATP, water. Significance: Major source of ATP in aerobic organisms, uses electrons from NADH and FADH2.

Key products: Nitrogen gas, water. Significance: Converts ammonium directly to nitrogen gas under anoxic conditions, contributes to nitrogen loss from ecosystems.

Key products: Ammonia. Significance: Converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to a biologically usable form (NH3), crucial for the nitrogen cycle.

Key products: ATP, reduced organic or inorganic compounds. Significance: Enables photosynthesis without oxygen production, found in purple and green sulfur bacteria.

Key products: Nitrogen gas (N2), ATP. Significance: Converts nitrates into nitrogen gas, releasing fixed nitrogen back to the atmosphere.

Key products: Amino acids. Significance: Provides building blocks for protein synthesis, essential for all cellular functions.

Key products: NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate. Significance: Provides reducing power (NADPH) and precursors for nucleotide synthesis.

Key products: Methane, ATP. Significance: Last step in the decomposition of organic compounds in anaerobic environments, major source of natural gas.

Key products: Nitrite, ATP. Significance: Part of the anaerobic respiration in certain bacteria, important in the nitrogen cycle.

Key products: Ferrous iron (Fe2+), ATP. Significance: Important for the energy metabolism of iron-reducing bacteria, plays a role in biogeochemical cycling.

Key products: Ferric iron (Fe3+), ATP. Significance: Involved in energy metabolism for certain chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, contributes to the iron cycle.

Key products: Formaldehyde, ATP. Significance: Utilizes one-carbon compounds such as methanol for growth, important for carbon cycling.

Key products: Peptidoglycan. Significance: Provides structural support for bacterial cell walls; target for antibiotic action.

Key products: Hydrogen sulfide, ATP. Significance: Provides energy for certain anaerobic bacteria, contributes to the sulfur cycle.

Key products: Biopolymers (e.g., polyhydroxybutyrate). Significance: Microbes produce biodegradable plastics, serves as carbon and energy storage.

Key products: Hydrogen sulfide, ATP. Significance: Microbial metabolism that derives energy by reducing elemental sulfur to sulfide.

Key products: G3P, ADP, NADP+. Significance: Carbon fixation process in photosynthesis, converts CO2 to glucose.

Key products: Organic compounds, ATP. Significance: Supports ecosystems without sunlight, uses chemical energy from inorganic compounds.

Key products: Pyruvate, ATP, NADH. Significance: Central pathway for glucose catabolism, provides energy and precursors for other pathways.