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Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, responsible for a significant part of the oxygen production through photosynthesis.

Consumers in the aquatic food web, they eat phytoplankton and are food for larger organisms, thus transferring energy up the food chain.

Oxygen-producing bacteria that can fix nitrogen, playing a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle of aquatic ecosystems.

Some species are photosynthetic and contribute to primary production, while others can cause red tides and produce toxins.

Process by which certain aquatic microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms, critical for nutrient cycling.

Single-celled protists with calcium carbonate shells that contribute to the sediment formation and act as indicators for paleoclimate studies.

Decomposition process where organic nitrogen is converted into ammonia, a crucial step in the nitrogen cycle.

Two-step process where ammonia is oxidized to nitrites and then to nitrates, conducted by different groups of bacteria, and important for soil fertility and water quality.

Process by which nitrates are converted back to nitrogen gas $N_2$ or nitrous oxide $N_2O$, returning nitrogen to the atmosphere and closing the nitrogen cycle.

Organisms living on, in, or near the bottom of aquatic environments, playing a role in recycling nutrients, and some serve as food for larger organisms.

Complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the secretion of a protective and adhesive matrix, important in nutrient cycling and can influence water quality.

Process where certain bacteria produce energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, essential for supporting unique ecosystems like those around deep-sea vents.

A continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column, providing food for deep-sea organisms.

Represents a sub-food web comprising of the smallest organisms in the aquatic food web which recycles dissolved organic matter back into the food chain.

A pathogenic bacterium that can cause cholera, demonstrating the impact of aquatic microorganisms on human health.

Over-enrichment of water bodies with nutrients leading to excessive growth of algae and hypoxia, often resulting from agricultural runoff.

A genus of dinoflagellate known to release toxins affecting fish and human health, illustrating the harmful effects of some microorganisms in aquatic systems.

A harmful algal bloom caused by high concentrations of aquatic microorganisms, leading to the discoloration of seawater and the production of toxins.

The buildup of substances, such as toxins produced by microorganisms, in an organism, which can be magnified along the food chain in a process called biomagnification.