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Biofilms and Microbial Communities

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Biofouling

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The undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted structures.

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Microbial Succession

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The observed changes in a microbial community structure over time, often following a disturbance.

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Phage Therapy

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The therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

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Metagenomics

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The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.

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Proto-cooperation

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A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from, but are not dependent on, their relationship for survival.

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Competitive Exclusion

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A principle stating that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist if other ecological factors are constant.

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Denitrification

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A microbial process where nitrate (NO3NO_3^-) is reduced and ultimately produces nitrogen gas (N2N_2), releasing it into the atmosphere.

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Niche Partitioning

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The process by which competing species or organisms use their environment differently to coexist.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

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The movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

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Siderophores

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Small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms.

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Persister Cells

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Dormant bacterial cells which can survive antibiotic treatment without acquiring antibiotic resistance.

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Autoinducers

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Signaling molecules produced in response to changes in cell-population density, as part of the quorum sensing system.

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Syntrophy

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A mutually beneficial interaction where one species lives off the products produced by another species.

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Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS)

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A polysaccharide-rich matrix produced by microbial communities that provides structural and protective functions to the biofilm.

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Coaggregation

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The specific adherence of cells of one bacterial species to cells of another bacterial species.

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Dysbiosis

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The imbalance in the composition of the microbial community, which can lead to health problems.

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Microbial Mat

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A multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, with a high density of cells.

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Cryptic Growth

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A phenomenon during which bacteria grow by utilizing the lysed cell material of other bacteria instead of the provided nutrients.

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Planktonic Cells

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Microorganisms that are free-floating and not attached to any surface or biofilm structure.

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Bioremediation

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The use of microorganisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.

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Commensalism

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A type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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Functional Redundancy

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The phenomenon where multiple species within a community perform similar functional roles.

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Ruminant Microbial Community

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The complex community of microorganisms found in the rumen of cattle and other ruminants, which helps in the digestion of cellulose and other plant materials.

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Microbiota

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The assemblage of microorganisms present in a defined environment.

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Biofilm

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A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix.

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Antibiofilm Agents

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Substances that prevent the formation of biofilms or assist in their removal.

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Microbial Consortia

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A group of different species of microorganisms that live and work together in a close-knit community.

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Quorum Sensing

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A system of stimuli and response correlated to population density, enabling communication among microorganisms.

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Anammox

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An anaerobic process in which ammonium (NH4+NH_4^+) is directly converted into nitrogen gas (N2N_2) by bacteria.

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