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Antibiotic Mechanisms
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Penicillin
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, primarily targets Gram-positive bacteria.
Amoxicillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, used against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
Cephalexin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis, effective against Gram-positive cocci.
Vancomycin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine portion of cell wall precursors, targets MRSA and Gram-positive bacteria.
Tetracycline
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, used against a broad spectrum of bacteria.
Doxycycline
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit, targets Gram-negative bacilli.
Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.
Levofloxacin
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, has a broad spectrum of activity including pseudomonas.
Azithromycin
Macrolide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, used for respiratory infections, some STIs, and more.
Erythromycin
Macrolide that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit, used for respiratory tract infections and more.
Clindamycin
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, used mainly for anaerobic infections and Gram-positive cocci.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)
Inhibits folic acid synthesis pathway, effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
Nitrofurantoin
Damages bacterial DNA, primarily used for urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Metronidazole
Causes DNA strand breaks and loss of helical DNA structure, effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
Rifampin
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, used for tuberculosis and as prophylaxis for meningococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
Isoniazid
Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall, used specifically against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Amphotericin B
Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes causing increased membrane permeability and cell death, targets a wide range of fungi.
Fluconazole
Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme (14-alpha demethylase), reducing conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, used for Candida infections and more.
Nystatin
Binds to ergosterol, creating pores in the fungal cell membrane, primarily used for cutaneous, oral, or intestinal Candida infections.
Linezolid
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 23S portion of the 50S subunit, used for Gram-positive infections including VRE and MRSA.
Daptomycin
Inserts into the bacterial cell membrane and causes rapid depolarization, leading to inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, used against Gram-positive bacteria.
Colistin
Disrupts the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids, used as a 'last-resort' antibiotic.
Chloramphenicol
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, broad-spectrum activity but used as a last resort due to toxicity.
Fidaxomicin
Inhibits RNA polymerase sigma subunit, targeting Clostridium difficile.
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