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Utilizes light to illuminate the sample. Often used for stained or fixed specimens.

Features a dark background with a bright specimen. Useful for observing living, unstained cells.

Enhances contrast in transparent and colorless objects by using phase shifts. Ideal for live cell imaging.

Uses high-intensity light to excite fluorescent molecules in the sample. Commonly used in molecular biology to observe tagged molecules.

Offers three-dimensional imaging by focusing a laser light on a single plane within a specimen. Frequently used for detailed localization of cellular components.

Transmits electrons through a specimen, revealing cellular structures with nanometer resolution. Used for ultrastructural examinations of specimens.

Scans a beam of electrons over the specimen's surface. Used for detailed three-dimensional surface imaging at high magnifications.

Images surfaces by measuring forces between a sharp probe and specimen. Useful for imaging live cells in water or biological molecules.

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy uses polarized light to create a 3D-like image. It's useful for live, unstained samples.