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Enzymatic Biochemistry

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Pyruvate Kinase

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Catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting PEP to pyruvate and generating ATP.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

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Helps to rapidly convert carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, maintaining acid-base balance.

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Cellulase

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Catalyzes the decomposition of cellulose into glucose or shorter polysaccharides.

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Sulfite Reductase

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Reduces sulfite to sulfide, a crucial step in microbial sulfate reduction.

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Arginase

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Converts arginine into urea and ornithine, and plays a role in the urea cycle.

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DNA Polymerase

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Enzyme that facilitates the replication of DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.

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Hydrogenase

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Catalyzes the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen.

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Phosphofructokinase

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Regulates the rate of glycolysis by converting fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

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Malate Dehydrogenase

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Catalyzes the interconversion of malate to oxaloacetate and generates NADH in the TCA cycle.

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Catalase

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Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

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Lipase

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Involved in the degradation of lipids, converting them into glycerol and fatty acids.

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Nitrogenase

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Catalyzes nitrogen fixation, converting atmospheric nitrogen to bioavailable ammonia.

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RNA Polymerase

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An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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Catalyzes the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.

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Acetate Kinase

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Catalyzes the conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA, an important step in many fermentative pathways.

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Transaminase

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Facilitates the conversion of amino acids to alpha-keto acids through transfer of an amino group.

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Lactase

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Hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose, particularly important in dairy product fermentation.

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Xylanase

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Degrades the polysaccharide xylan into xylose, used in paper and feed industries.

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Lactate Dehydrogenase

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Catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+.

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Hexokinase

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Phosphorylates hexoses to form hexose phosphate, a key step in glycolysis.

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Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate and CO2 in the citric acid cycle.

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Protease

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Enzyme responsible for proteolysis; breaking down proteins into peptides or amino acids.

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Nitrifying bacteria

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Converts ammonia to nitrate compounds, primarily facilitated by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.

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Urease

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Hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide, aiding in nitrogen recycling.

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Glutamine Synthetase

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Catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in the nitrogen assimilation process.

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Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

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Regulatory enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA.

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Pectinase

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Breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, commonly used in fruit juice extraction.

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Amylase

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Catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars in microbes.

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Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO)

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Key enzyme in the Calvin cycle, catalyzing carbon dioxide assimilation in photosynthetic organisms.

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Superoxide Dismutase

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Protects cells against superoxide radical damage by catalyzing its conversion to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

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Glucoamylase

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Breaks down starch into glucose, thereby completing the digestion of polysaccharides.

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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

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Catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, generating NADPH and pentoses.

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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the TCA cycle.

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Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome C Reductase

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Part of the electron transport chain, it transfers electrons from Coenzyme Q to cytochrome c.

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Peroxisomal Oxidase

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Oxidizes fatty acids in peroxisomes, generating hydrogen peroxide.

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Beta-Galactosidase

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Hydrolyzes the disaccharide lactose into monosaccharides glucose and galactose during lactose metabolism.

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