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Antifungal Drugs

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Amphotericin B

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Binds to ergosterol, forming pores in fungal cell membranes which cause cell death. Targets a broad spectrum including Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, and Candida species.

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Azoles (e.g., Fluconazole)

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Inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme (14-alpha demethylase), preventing conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, damaging fungal cell membrane. Commonly used against Candida and Cryptococcus species.

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Itraconazole

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An azole used for systemic fungal infections that functions by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. It has activity against Aspergillus and various Candida species.

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Clotrimazole

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Azole drug that inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, destabilizing fungal cell membranes. It's most commonly used for yeast infections of the skin, mouth, and vagina.

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Posaconazole

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An extended-spectrum triazole antifungal drug that inhibits ergosterol synthesis. It's used for treatment and prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections.

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Nystatin

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Structurally similar to Amphotericin B and binds to ergosterol, forming pores in fungal cell membranes. It's used primarily for mucocutaneous infections by Candida, such as oral thrush and diaper rash.

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Anidulafungin

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An echinocandin that inhibits the synthesis of beta-1,3-glucan in the fungal cell wall. Used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia.

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Ketoconazole

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An azole antifungal that was previously used for systemic fungal infections due to the mechanism similar to other azoles, but now is limited to topical use due to adverse effects. Effective against a broad range of fungi.

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Flucytosine

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Converted to 5-fluorouracil inside fungal cells, inhibiting DNA synthesis. Used primarily against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species.

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Echinocandins (e.g., Caspofungin)

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Inhibit the synthesis of beta-1,3-glucan in fungal cell walls. Active against Candida and Aspergillus species.

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Miconazole

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Another azole antifungal that inhibits ergosterol synthesis. It's applied topically for cutaneous infections, such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch.

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Ciclopirox

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Has a broad mechanism of action, disrupting fungal cell membrane transport by blocking the influx of essential elements. Used topically for dermatophytes and molds, such as nail infections (onychomycosis).

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Terbinafine

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Inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, leading to a deficiency in ergosterol and an accumulation of squalene, resulting in fungal cell death. Mainly used for dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton spp.).

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Griseofulvin

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Disrupts mitotic spindle structure, inhibiting fungal cell division. Used for dermatophytic infections, especially onychomycosis (nail infections).

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Voriconazole

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An azole with a broad spectrum of activity that inhibits ergosterol production. It's particularly effective against Aspergillus species and emerging as a primary treatment for aspergillosis.

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