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Uses pressurized steam to kill all microorganisms. Commonly used for medical tools, laboratory equipment, and waste.

Ethylene oxide is a gas that can sterilize at low temperatures, making it useful for heat-sensitive materials like plastics and electronics.

Employs high temperatures, usually 160-170°C, for a duration depending on the item. It's suitable for materials that can't be sterilized using moist heat.

Utilizes low-temperature plasma within a vacuum to generate reactive species that destroy microorganisms. Suited for medical instruments sensitive to heat and humidity.

Employs chemicals like formaldehyde, peracetic acid, or hydrogen peroxide to sterilize surfaces and instruments. Often used when heat-sensitive equipment is involved.

Direct flame or high-temperature oven incinerates organic material, ensuring complete destruction of all microbial life. Typically used for contaminated waste.

UV-C light disrupts microbial DNA, thus preventing replication. Useful for surface sterilization and in HVAC systems.

Applies ionized particles to the sterilization target, disrupting cellular structures. Emerging technique potentially useful for pharmaceuticals and tissues.

Separates microbes from liquids or air using a physical barrier. It's important for heat-labile solutions and clean room air.

Microwaves generate heat by agitating water molecules in the microbial cells, leading to their destruction. Best for liquids and for disinfection rather than sterilization.

Uses high-intensity, broad-spectrum light pulses to destroy microorganisms on surfaces, packaging, and foods with minimal heat generation.

Chlorine dioxide gas is a strong oxidizing agent that can be used for sterilization purposes, particularly for large-scale disinfection tasks like water treatment.

Similar to plasma sterilization but utilizes RF energy to generate the plasma state. Effective for thermally sensitive equipment and widely used in hospitals.

This milder form of sterilization uses temperatures below boiling to reduce levels of non-spore forming pathogens, primarily in food and beverage industry.