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The principle that individual neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, led to understanding how complex nervous systems function.

Possess highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates, including brain and complex sensory organs, demonstrating convergent evolution with vertebrates.

Process where neural functions are concentrated in a brain, providing efficiency in processing sensory information and commanding motor responses.

Evolution of the neocortex in mammals enables higher cognitive functions, complex behaviors, and enhanced sensory perception.

Development of bilateral symmetry, which is associated with the cephalization and the beginning of central nervous system development.

Specialized cells that develop into a diverse array of structures, including parts of the peripheral nervous system, demonstrating the complexity of vertebrate nervous system evolution.

Crucial evolution of synaptic transmission mechanism enabled precise control and communication between neurons, forming the basis of neural networks.

Served as a primitive axial skeleton in early chordates, around which the central nervous system (dorsal nerve cord) develops.

Measure of brain size relative to body mass, indicating an evolutionary trend towards increased brain size in certain lineages like primates.

Represents early cluster formations of neurons which are precursors to more centralized brains in complex organisms.

A significant period when rapid diversification of organisms occurred, leading to the complexity in nervous systems, including brains and eyes.

Neurons that fire both during execution of an action and when observing the same action, important for understanding the evolution of empathy and social learning.

First emergence of a simple nervous system; a nerve net structure without a central brain.

Exhibit a well-defined brain and spinal cord protected by skull and vertebrae respectively, contributing to more advanced nervous system functions.