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Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements. Medial aspect of the frontal lobe.

Execution of voluntary movements. Located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

Neurons that originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem and carry motor information down to lower motor neurons.

Planning of movements, control of proximal and trunk muscles. Located anterior to the primary motor cortex.

Regulation of movement, control of posture, muscle tone, and motor learning. Comprised of structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.

Indirect motor pathways that modulate and regulate anterior horn cells. Originates from the brainstem nuclei.

Repetitive patterns of movement such as walking or chewing, involving central pattern generators in the spinal cord.

Connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, directly commanding muscle contraction.

Coordination of voluntary movement, balance, and eye movements. Located in the posterior cranial fossa.

Automatic, involuntary movement in response to stimuli. Mediated by spinal cord and brainstem.

Direct pathway for carrying motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord. Descend from the cerebral cortex.

Conscious, intentional movement initiated by the cerebral cortex.

Control of eye movements. Coordinated by the superior colliculus, frontal eye fields, and cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, and VI.

Small movements involving the coordination of small muscles, such as those of the fingers. Controlled by motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.