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Execution of voluntary movements. Located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

Planning of movements, control of proximal and trunk muscles. Located anterior to the primary motor cortex.

Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements. Medial aspect of the frontal lobe.

Regulation of movement, control of posture, muscle tone, and motor learning. Comprised of structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.

Coordination of voluntary movement, balance, and eye movements. Located in the posterior cranial fossa.

Direct pathway for carrying motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord. Descend from the cerebral cortex.

Indirect motor pathways that modulate and regulate anterior horn cells. Originates from the brainstem nuclei.

Neurons that originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem and carry motor information down to lower motor neurons.

Connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, directly commanding muscle contraction.

Automatic, involuntary movement in response to stimuli. Mediated by spinal cord and brainstem.

Conscious, intentional movement initiated by the cerebral cortex.

Repetitive patterns of movement such as walking or chewing, involving central pattern generators in the spinal cord.

Small movements involving the coordination of small muscles, such as those of the fingers. Controlled by motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.

Larger movements involving the coordination of large muscle groups, such as walking or jumping. Coordinated by the motor cortex and basal ganglia.