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Sleep and the Brain
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NREM Stage 1
Transition between wakefulness and sleep, slow eye movements, and reduced muscle activity. Theta waves present.
NREM Stage 2
No eye movement, decreased heart rate and body temperature. Presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes.
NREM Stage 3
Deep sleep begins, hard to awaken, no eye movement or muscle activity, delta waves appear.
REM Sleep
Rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, body paralysis, irregular breathing and heart rate. Beta waves similar to waking state.
Circadian Rhythms
Physical, mental, and behavioral changes following a 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment.
Sleep Spindles
Sudden bursts of oscillatory brain activity that occur during Stage 2 NREM sleep, believed to be related to learning and memory.
K-complexes
Single long delta wave that stands out amidst the faster brain activity, occurring during Stage 2 NREM sleep, associated with memory consolidation.
Delta Waves
High amplitude brain waves with a frequency of 0.5-4 Hz, characteristic of deep sleep in NREM Stage 3.
Sleep Deprivation
Insufficient sleep can lead to mood swings, weakened immunity, cognitive impairments, and other health issues.
Hypnogram
A graph that represents the stages of sleep as they cycle through the night, typically showing the progression through NREM and REM stages.
Dreaming
A mental experience during sleep characterized by vivid imagery, emotions, and thoughts, most often occurring in REM sleep.
Brain Plasticity during Sleep
Sleep promotes the reorganization of neural networks, necessary for learning and memory consolidation.
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