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Sleep and the Brain

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K-complexes

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Single long delta wave that stands out amidst the faster brain activity, occurring during Stage 2 NREM sleep, associated with memory consolidation.

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NREM Stage 1

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Transition between wakefulness and sleep, slow eye movements, and reduced muscle activity. Theta waves present.

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REM Sleep

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Rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, body paralysis, irregular breathing and heart rate. Beta waves similar to waking state.

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Sleep Spindles

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Sudden bursts of oscillatory brain activity that occur during Stage 2 NREM sleep, believed to be related to learning and memory.

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Hypnogram

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A graph that represents the stages of sleep as they cycle through the night, typically showing the progression through NREM and REM stages.

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NREM Stage 2

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No eye movement, decreased heart rate and body temperature. Presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes.

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Circadian Rhythms

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Physical, mental, and behavioral changes following a 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment.

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Dreaming

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A mental experience during sleep characterized by vivid imagery, emotions, and thoughts, most often occurring in REM sleep.

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NREM Stage 3

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Deep sleep begins, hard to awaken, no eye movement or muscle activity, delta waves appear.

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Delta Waves

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High amplitude brain waves with a frequency of 0.5-4 Hz, characteristic of deep sleep in NREM Stage 3.

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Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep can lead to mood swings, weakened immunity, cognitive impairments, and other health issues.

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Brain Plasticity during Sleep

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Sleep promotes the reorganization of neural networks, necessary for learning and memory consolidation.

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