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Neuronal cells in the enteric system interact with the gut flora, affecting gut health and immunity, with bidirectional communication with the CNS.

The ENS exhibits a form of neuroplasticity, adapting its functions over time, which can be affected by central nervous system activity.

The enteric nervous system helps dilate or constrict blood vessels to regulate blood flow to the gut, influenced by signals from the CNS.

The enteric nervous system can modulate the perception of pain from the gastrointestinal tract, with the CNS contributing to pain modulation.

The enteric nervous system regulates the opening and closing of sphincters, coordinating with the CNS to manage swallowing and defecation.

Enteric neurons can modulate the integrity of the gut barrier, with stress-related signals from the CNS affecting this function.

The enteric nervous system can independently coordinate reflexes for functions such as swallowing and defecation, while still being modulated by the CNS.

The enteric nervous system regulates the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the GI tract, coordinating peristalsis and segmental contractions in interaction with the CNS via the vagus nerve.

The enteric nervous system can influence local immune responses, potentially affecting inflammation through interactions with the CNS.

Enteric neurons release neurotransmitters that modulate the secretion of enzymes and hormones necessary for digestion, with feedback mechanisms involving the CNS.

The enteric system senses changes in chemical composition and mechanical stimuli in the gut, relaying sensory information to the CNS.