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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed scientists to visualize brain activity, revolutionizing the study of cognition and brain disorders.

Discovered by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, neurons were identified as the basic unit of the nervous system. This led to the neuron doctrine which is fundamental to neuroscience.

Paul MacLean's concept of the limbic system helped in the understanding of the neural bases of emotions, motivation, and behavior.

Although now discredited, phrenology suggested that brain function was localized, a concept partially true and influential in the development of neuroscience.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) discovery was key for understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory.

The discovery of the default mode network advanced understanding of brain function during wakeful rest and its changes in various disorders.

Phineas Gage survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality, providing early evidence that specific brain areas are involved in certain functions.

The realization that neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain altered previous notions that all neurons are present at birth, impacting regenerative medicine.

Carl Wernicke identified a brain region critical for language comprehension, emphasizing the complexity of language processing in the brain.

Donald Hebb proposed the theory that 'neurons that fire together, wire together', which advanced the understanding of synaptic plasticity and learning.

Research on the brain's reward system has elucidated mechanisms of addiction, decision-making, and motivation.

Paul Broca discovered an area in the brain responsible for speech production, significant for understanding localization of brain function.

Charles Sherrington coined the term synapse for the junction between neurons, which is critical for understanding communication in the nervous system.

Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, confirming that synapses communicate chemically.

Hans Berger recorded the first human EEG, paving the way for studying electrical activity in the brain and neurological disorders like epilepsy.

Research on patients with severed corpus callosum revealed lateralization in the human brain and contributed to understanding of consciousness.

The adaptation of CRISPR-Cas9 for editing genes has opened new avenues for understanding and potentially treating neurological disorders.

Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley formulated a mathematical model to describe the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons.

Discovery of mirror neurons provided insight into mechanisms of empathy and learning by imitation, playing a crucial role in social cognition.