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Neuroendocrinology

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Testosterone

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Involved in aggression, sexual behavior, and cognitive function, particularly in males.

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Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

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Regulate metabolism, growth, and development, including neuronal maturation and plasticity.

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Endorphins

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Neuropeptides that act as natural painkillers and are also involved in producing euphoria.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

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Regulates body composition, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function.

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Melatonin

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Regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.

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Vasopressin (ADH)

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Controls water retention in kidneys but also involves social behavior, stress response, and pair bonding.

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Oxytocin

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Regulates social bonding, sexual reproduction, and maternal behaviors.

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Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

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Functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone; involved in arousal, attention, and response to stress.

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Ghrelin

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Often termed the 'hunger hormone', it stimulates appetite, food intake, and promotes fat storage.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

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Mediates 'fight-or-flight' response, increasing heart rate, blood flow, and prepares the body for action.

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Serotonin

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Primarily a neurotransmitter, but its modulation also influences mood, emotion, and sleep.

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Insulin

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While primarily known for regulating blood sugar levels, it also influences neural signaling and cognitive functions.

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Leptin

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Often termed the 'satiety hormone', it inhibits hunger and regulates energy balance.

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Cortisol

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Involved in stress response, metabolic functions, and immune response modulation.

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Estrogen

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Affects the development of the nervous system and modulates mood and cognitive functions in adults.

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