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Neuroendocrinology
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Oxytocin
Regulates social bonding, sexual reproduction, and maternal behaviors.
Cortisol
Involved in stress response, metabolic functions, and immune response modulation.
Estrogen
Affects the development of the nervous system and modulates mood and cognitive functions in adults.
Testosterone
Involved in aggression, sexual behavior, and cognitive function, particularly in males.
Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)
Regulate metabolism, growth, and development, including neuronal maturation and plasticity.
Insulin
While primarily known for regulating blood sugar levels, it also influences neural signaling and cognitive functions.
Melatonin
Regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
Ghrelin
Often termed the 'hunger hormone', it stimulates appetite, food intake, and promotes fat storage.
Leptin
Often termed the 'satiety hormone', it inhibits hunger and regulates energy balance.
Vasopressin (ADH)
Controls water retention in kidneys but also involves social behavior, stress response, and pair bonding.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Mediates 'fight-or-flight' response, increasing heart rate, blood flow, and prepares the body for action.
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone; involved in arousal, attention, and response to stress.
Serotonin
Primarily a neurotransmitter, but its modulation also influences mood, emotion, and sleep.
Endorphins
Neuropeptides that act as natural painkillers and are also involved in producing euphoria.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Regulates body composition, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function.
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