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Memory and Learning
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Retrieval
The ability to access and retrieve information from long-term memory.
Spaced Repetition
A learning technique that involves increasing intervals of time between subsequent review of previously learned material to exploit the psychological spacing effect.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds.
Flashbulb Memory
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of a moment in which a surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) event occurred.
Consolidation
The process of stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition.
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time; maintaining information in memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
The process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information to keep it in short-term memory longer than the usual 20-30 seconds.
Implicit Memory
A type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
Explicit Memory
Memory in which a person consciously recalls information.
Procedural Memory
A type of implicit long-term memory that involves motor skills, habits, and other tasks that can be performed without conscious awareness.
Encoding
The initial learning of information; the process of converting sensations into a form that can be placed into memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
A method of transferring information from STM to LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.
Sensory Memory
The shortest-term element of memory which allows the ability to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
The continuous storage of information that is not conscious, but can be activated into working memory to be used when needed.
Forgetting
A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory.
Cognitive Load
The amount of working memory resources required to comprehend a task.
Episodic Memory
A type of explicit long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences.
Semantic Memory
A type of explicit long-term memory pertaining to general world knowledge, facts, concepts, words, and meanings.
Chunking
A process by which individual pieces of an information set are broken down and then grouped together in a meaningful whole.
Interference
A phenomenon by which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories.
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