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An open-source software project that provides tools for the analysis and comprehension of high-throughput genomic data in the R statistical programming environment.

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; a collection of databases dealing with genomes, enzymatic pathways, and biological chemicals; useful for understanding high-level functions of the biological system.

A gene editing tool that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA; revolutionized fields of genetics and genomics by enabling genome modifications in living organisms.

A database of known and predicted protein–protein interactions, which includes direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations.

The alignment of sequences in a pair, used to find the best-matching piecewise (localized) or global alignments of two query sequences.

The process of sequencing a novel genome where there is no reference sequence available for alignment.

A database of protein families, including their alignments and hidden Markov models (HMMs), which can be used to identify and classify protein domains.

A process used to assess gene expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously to study the effects of certain treatments, diseases, and developmental stages on gene expression.

A sequencing technique which uses next-generation sequencing to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment.

Genes related by duplication within a genome that may evolve new functions.

Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation; they retain the same function in the course of evolution.

An extension of sequence alignment that allows for insertions and deletions in one or both of the sequences being compared.

A statistical method that links certain complex phenotypes to specific regions of chromosomes; used to identify the locations and effects of genes related to those traits.

A branching diagram or 'tree' showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on their genetic or physical characteristics.

The process of aligning short sequencing reads to a reference genome, used to infer where the reads came from and often in re-sequencing.

A database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Small non-coding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

Text-based format for representing nucleotide sequences or peptide sequences; used for storing sequence data and database searches.

A pattern of two or more nucleotides that is repeated directly adjacent to each other; they can be used as markers in genetic mapping.

An online tool that integrates genomic data, including genomes of various organisms, gene predictions, expression and disease data, and other large-scale sequencing projects.

Gene Ontology terms are structured, controlled vocabulary for describing genes and gene product attributes across all species.

A genome browser providing access to various vertebrate genomes, allowing users to retrieve and visualize gene and other genomic information from various species.

A genetic sequence database, maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, that provides annotated collections of all publicly available DNA sequences.

Encompasses several high-throughput sequencing technologies that allow for rapid sequencing of the whole genome or targeted regions of the genome.

The relationship between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences that are derived from a common ancestor; indicating shared evolutionary origins.

The measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species; it's important for mapping genomes.

The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, bypassing the need for isolating and lab-culturing individual species.

A methodology used to align three or more biological sequences, allowing for the identification of conserved sequences, important for protein or gene function.

A statistical model which is used for pattern recognition in sequences, particularly useful in predicting protein domains and gene structures.

The large-scale study of proteomes and their functions; includes analyzing the structure, function, and interactions of proteins expressed by a genome.

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; it is used to find regions of similarity between biological sequences, helping to identify homologous genes and proteins.

A part of a protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.