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Purpose: To measure the strength and endurance of specific muscle groups. Method: Use of an isokinetic dynamometer that provides resistance at a constant speed.

Purpose: To assess muscle contraction properties. Method: Use of a sensor to measure the radial displacement of the muscle belly following electrical stimulation.

Purpose: To assess body segment movement using inertial sensors. Method: Use of gyroscopes, accelerometers, and sometimes magnetometers attached to the body.

Purpose: To measure bone mineral density and body composition. Method: Use of a low-dose x-ray system that differentiates between bone and soft tissue.

Purpose: To identify asymmetries and limitations in movement that may result in injury. Method: A series of seven exercises scored on a scale to assess movement quality.

Purpose: To measure joint angles during movement. Method: Use of a device with potentiometers attached to the limbs around the joint of interest.

Purpose: To measure metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Method: Analysis of the oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced during respiration.

Purpose: To measure the oxygen saturation level of the blood. Method: Non-invasive sensor typically placed on a thin part of the body, like a fingertip or earlobe.

Purpose: To understand the movement characteristics of the spine. Method: Measurement of intervertebral angles and motions using tracking systems or radiographic analysis.

Purpose: To measure the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. Method: Use of electrodes placed on the skin or inserted into the muscle.

Purpose: To measure cardiac stroke volume and other hemodynamic parameters. Method: Use of electrical impedance measurements across the thorax.

Purpose: To visualize muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints. Method: Use of ultrasound waves to produce real-time images of the internal structures.

Purpose: To measure pressure distribution on surfaces, such as in shoe insoles or seating. Method: Use of a pressure-sensitive mat or insole.

Purpose: To record the movement of the body in three dimensions. Method: Use of reflective markers and cameras to track movement.

Purpose: To quantify involuntary oscillations of the body, often related to neurological conditions. Method: Use of accelerometers or gyroscopes to capture tremor movement.

Purpose: To evaluate the properties and biocompatibility of materials used in medical devices. Method: Mechanical, chemical, and biological tests in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose: To measure the ground reaction forces exerted by the body onto a surface. Method: Use of a force platform that records the forces and moments.

Purpose: To create tissue and organ structures with living cells. Method: Sequential layering of biocompatible materials and cells using a printing device.

Purpose: To improve an individual's control over certain physiological processes. Method: Using sensors to detect biological data and providing real-time feedback.

Purpose: To optimize work environments based on human capabilities and limitations. Method: Analysis of task, equipment, and user interaction to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

Purpose: To measure acceleration of the body or body parts. Method: Use of wearable devices with accelerometers to track and quantify movement.

Purpose: To record precise measurements of three-dimensional objects. Method: Use of photographs taken from different angles and processed with photogrammetry software.

Purpose: To assess joint stability and laxity. Method: Use of a device that applies standardized forces to a joint and measures its movement.