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A measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and defined by the ratio of stress (force per unit area) to strain (proportional deformation). Application: Used in orthopedics to select materials for implants based on stiffness.

The process by which bone tissue is continuously renewed through the coupled actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Application: A fundamental concept when considering how patients will heal and adapt to orthopedic interventions.

The surgical fixation of a bone or bones by use of metallic pins, screws, and plates. Application: Utilized to ensure proper bone alignment and stability during the healing process.

A biomechanical phenomenon where an implanted device takes on too much load, protecting the bone from stress. Application: Considered in the design of orthopedic implants to prevent bone loss.

A surgical operation whereby a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. Application: Performed to alleviate symptoms of arthritis or to correct bone deformities.

The distribution of stress between the implant and natural bone. Application: A concept essential for the successful integration of orthopedic hardware without weakening the native bone.

The connection of bones at a joint allowing for movement in various directions. Application: The basis for designing prosthetic joints and understanding joint mechanics.

A surgical procedure involving the removal of all or part of a torn meniscus in the knee. Application: A common orthopedic surgery to treat meniscal injury and alleviate pain.

The process by which bone growth is supported along a scaffold or surface. Application: An essential property for bone grafts and implants to facilitate bone healing.

The ability of a material to withstand a sliding force that causes two stacked layers to slide past each other. Application: Considered in joint implant interfaces and bone plate designs.

A surgical procedure that uses transplanted bone to repair and rebuild diseased or damaged bones. Application: Commonly used to treat fractures that are not healing properly (nonunions), defects, or fusions.

The time-dependent permanent deformation of a material under constant stress. Application: Considered in orthopedic implant design to ensure long-term stability.

The capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. Application: Important when selecting materials for bone replacements and spinal implants.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into chemical activity. Application: Key consideration in developing orthopedic treatments that encourage bone and tissue growth.

The force applied perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of a structure that causes bending. Application: Related to investigating fracture risk and designing orthopedic fixations.

Also known as trabecular or spongy bone, this type of bone has a porous structure and is found at the ends of long bones. Application: Mimicked in some implant designs to encourage bone ingrowth.

The cells that are found within the cartilage responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Application: Target cells in the treatment of articular cartilage injuries.

The property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Application: Relevant for understanding the behavior of soft tissues and cartilage in joint biomechanics.

An externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system. Application: Used in managing deformities and improving musculoskeletal function.

A measure of the Poisson effect that describes the expansion or contraction of a material in directions perpendicular to the direction of loading. Application: Important in predicting how an implant will interact with surrounding tissue.

The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking. Application: Important in determining the material properties needed for orthopedic implants and tendons.

The highest stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles without breaking. Application: Critical in assessing the longevity of orthopedic implants under repeated loading.

An artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Application: Prosthetics are commonly used in orthopedics to replace amputated limbs or dysfunctional joint components.

The study of animal locomotion, specifically human walking, which involves the body as a system of pendulums with alternative stance and swing phases. Application: In orthopedics, used to assess and treat conditions that affect walking ability.

A medical procedure to address spinal fractures caused by osteoporosis where a balloon-like device is used to expand the compressed vertebrae before stabilizing with bone cement. Application: Aimed at reducing pain and restoring height.

The natural process of bone formation by the differentiation of osteoblasts. Application: Understanding ossification is fundamental in the treatment of fractures and bone defects.

Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint. Application: Often involves the use of orthopedic implants to restore function and relieve pain in damaged joints.

A computational method that approximates the behavior of structures under various loads. Application: Used in orthopedics to simulate the performance of implants and bones under stress.

A viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, with the purpose of reducing friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. Application: Synthetic versions are sometimes used in joint therapies.

A theory stating that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under. Application: Used in orthopedics to understand how to strengthen bones through appropriate stress and guide rehab programs.

The dense and rigid outer layer of bone that forms the outer cortex of the majority of bones. Application: Considered in implant design to match mechanical properties and provide stable support.

Any substance engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose. Application: Used in orthopedic implants, such as artificial joints or bone plates.

The fundamental functional unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around a central canal. Application: Influences the design of synthetic bone grafts and materials.

The act or process of twisting of a structure by two opposite forces. Application: The torsional strength of implants is tested to ensure their durability in the body.

An imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and other internal structures. Application: Employed in orthopedics for diagnosis, guidance for injections, and assessing healing.

A surgical technique used to join two or more vertebrae together to prevent any movement between them. Application: Often used to treat spinal disorders causing pain or instability.

The study of the behavior of soft biological tissues under various conditions of force. Application: Important in designing treatments for ligament, tendon, and muscle injuries.

An accumulation of excess fluid in the bone marrow spaces, typically due to inflammation or injury. Application: Recognized on MRI scans and may require orthopedic evaluation for appropriate treatment.