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Biosignal Analysis

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Electrooculography (EOG)

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EOG records eye movements by detecting cornea-retinal potential. It's utilized in diagnosing and monitoring eye movement disorders and in sleep studies.

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Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

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GSR measures changes in skin conductance due to sweating, indicating psychological or physiological arousal. Used in stress research and lie detection.

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Electroencephalography (EEG)

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EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain. Signals are analyzed for rhythm, frequency, and amplitude to diagnose conditions like epilepsy or sleep disorders.

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Electromyography (EMG)

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EMG measures the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. Signal patterns reveal neuromuscular abnormalities or nerve dysfunction.

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Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

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ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. PQRST waves are interpreted to assess heart health and diagnose arrhythmias.

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Magnitude-Squared Coherence (MSC)

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MSC is a function that estimates the power spectrum correlation between two signals at different frequencies, reflecting their linear dependency.

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Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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MEG records magnetic fields produced by neural activity. It has high temporal resolution and is used to map brain function and study cognitive processes.

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Signal Averaging

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Signal averaging is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio by averaging multiple instances of the desired signal, commonly used in ERP studies.

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Spectral Analysis

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Spectral analysis involves decomposing a signal into its constituent frequencies using Fourier transform, examining power spectrum to identify rhythms and other features.

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Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

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HRV refers to the variation in time intervals between heartbeats. It is used to assess autonomic nervous system activity and cardiovascular health.

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Cross-Correlation Analysis

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Cross-correlation analysis measures the similarity between two signals as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other, used to find time lags or synchrony.

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Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse Oximetry measures the oxygenation of blood by analyzing the absorption of light through tissue, providing a non-invasive method of assessing respiratory function.

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Photoplethysmogram (PPG)

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PPG detects blood volume changes in microvascular tissue using a light source and detector. Primarily used to measure heart rate and blood oxygen saturation.

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Frequency-Domain Analysis

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Frequency-domain analysis evaluates signals based on frequency components, aiding in identifying periodic patterns and characterizing the power of different frequency bands.

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Time-Frequency Analysis

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Time-Frequency Analysis allows simultaneous analysis of both time and frequency domain properties of a signal, often using methods such as wavelet transforms.

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Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA)

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BIA measures the resistance and reactance of body tissues to an applied current, which is used to estimate body composition such as fat, muscle, and water content.

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Autocorrelation Analysis

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Autocorrelation analysis determines the correlation of a signal with a delayed version of itself over varying time lags, useful for identifying repeating patterns such as rhythms.

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Coherence Analysis

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Coherence analysis measures the degree to which two signals are correlated in the frequency domain, indicating how well signals share frequency content.

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Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

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PCA is a statistical technique that reduces data dimensionality by transforming to a set of orthogonal components, highlighting variance and structure in biosignal datasets.

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Independent Component Analysis (ICA)

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ICA separates a multivariate signal into additive, independent components. It is often used in EEG analysis to isolate artifactual or source signals.

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Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA)

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CCA assesses the relationship between two sets of multivariate data, finding basis vectors that maximize correlation, relevant in EEG-fMRI analysis.

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Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Theory

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Nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory examine complex, unpredictable behavior in biosignals, identifying features such as Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimension.

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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

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fNIRS measures brain activity by detecting changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, providing insights into cognitive function.

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Adaptive Filtering

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Adaptive filtering involves algorithms that self-adjust their parameters to minimize a predefined error criterion, used for noise cancellation in biosignals.

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Impedance Cardiography (ICG)

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ICG measures the impedance changes in the chest with each heartbeat, indicating stroke volume and cardiac output, used for non-invasive cardiovascular monitoring.

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Entropy Measures

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Entropy measures assess the unpredictability or complexity of a signal, with metrics like Shannon or Approximate Entropy being used to evaluate EEG or heart rate variability.

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Time-Domain Analysis

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Time-domain analysis examines signals directly over time, utilizing measures like mean, variance, and time intervals between events to analyze biosignals.

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Root Mean Square (RMS) Calculation

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RMS calculation yields the square root of the average power contained in a signal, providing a magnitude measure that is particularly useful in EMG analysis.

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Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

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PLL is a control system that generates a signal with a fixed relation to the phase of the input signal, used to synchronize signals and demodulate frequency-modulated signals.

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