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The manipulation of chromosomes in vitro to produce desired changes in the genetic material. Used in studying chromosome function and genetic diseases.

A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by destroying specific mRNA molecules. Widely used in research to study gene function and in development for treating diseases.

A method to determine the pattern of methylation of DNA. It involves treating DNA with bisulfite, which converts unmethylated cytosine to uracil, and then sequencing the DNA.

Viruses modified to deliver genes into cells, integrating into the host genome. Used for stable gene delivery in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Altering an organism’s genome by inserting a gene at a particular locus. Used to create models for human diseases or to study the effects of specific genetic mutations.

A laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. Electrical current is used to move the molecules through a gel matrix.

A genome editing tool where Cas9 protein and guide RNA make precise cuts in DNA to insert or deactivate genes. Used in gene therapy and crop engineering.

A process where genetic material is exchanged between similar or identical DNA molecules, used for targeted gene replacement or gene knockout studies.

A large plasmid that acts as a vector to clone large fragments of DNA in bacterial cells, often used in mapping and analysis of genomes.

Injecting a tiny amount of genetic material directly into the nucleus of a cell using a microscopic needle. Commonly used in reproductive biotechnology, like IVF.

Creating a collection of DNA sequences that represent the organization of a genome. It allows for the study and manipulation of genetic information.

A mutation is introduced into a DNA sequence to study the effects of that mutation. Commonly used in the study of protein functions and genetic pathways.

Animals genetically engineered to carry genes from other species. They are used for biological and medical research, studying disease, and in drug development.

A high-throughput sequencing method to analyze the quantity and sequences of RNA in a sample, reflecting the genes that are actively being expressed at any given time.

Circular DNA molecules that are used to transfer genes into cells. Plasmids are instrumental in cloning and the production of recombinant proteins.

The artificial synthesis of double-stranded DNA molecules without a template. Used to study gene function and to engineer organisms with new properties or functions.

Creating an organism that lacks a particular gene of interest in order to study the gene's function or role in disease. Often carried out in mice using embryonic stem cells.

A method for transferring DNA fragments from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane and hybridizing with DNA probes. Used for gene identification and genome mapping.

Similar to Southern blot, but used for the study of RNA fragments. RNA is separated via gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a blotting membrane for probing.

A technique where an electrical field is applied to cells to increase permeability of the cell membrane, allowing genetic material to be introduced. It is used in cell transfection for gene therapy and vaccine development.

Specialized vectors used to clone large DNA sequences in yeast cells, utilized in the physical mapping and sequencing of complex genomes.

The process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence, involving its insertion into a plasmid vector and transformation into a host cell. Used in gene expression, protein production, and gene mapping.

A technique used to amplify a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude. Essential tool in molecular biology for cloning, analysis of DNA and disease diagnosis.

Enzymes engineered to cut specific DNA sequences. They are used for gene editing in animals, plants, and for treating diseases.

Short, synthetic strands of DNA that can bind to RNA transcripts and modulate their expression. Used to treat genetic disorders by altering RNA function.

Determining the exact order of the nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method used to map the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Engineered DNA-binding proteins that facilitate targeted editing of the genome by creating double-strand breaks in DNA at user-specified locations. Applied in therapeutic gene editing and agriculture.

Building a collection of complementary DNA sequences synthesized from mRNA. These libraries are used to study gene expression, cloning and protein production.

A technique to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Involves separation by gel electrophoresis, transfer to a membrane, and labeling with antibody probes.