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Pumps blood throughout the body, maintains blood pressure and ensures oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues.

The largest artery in the body, it distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body via the systemic circulation.

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues, have thick walls to withstand high pressure.

Heart strings that anchor the valves (tricuspid and mitral) to the muscles of the heart to prevent them from inverting.

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, have valves to prevent backflow and thinner walls than arteries.

Part of the immune system, help defend the body against infection and remove waste, dead, or damaged cells.

The natural pacemaker of the heart, it initiates each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart.

Ensure one-way blood flow through the heart's four chambers—tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic.

A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels, providing protection and anchoring the heart within the thorax.

Transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

The pathway of blood flow between the heart and lungs for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The thin inner lining of the heart’s chambers; it's continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels and decreases friction between the blood and the heart wall.

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood.

Microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.

Largest veins in the body, include the superior vena cava (drains the upper body) and the inferior vena cava (drains the lower body), delivering deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues using hemoglobin and remove carbon dioxide from tissues.

Small cell fragments involved in clot formation to prevent bleeding.

Supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle itself.

Liquid component of blood, a mixture of water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products.

Acts as an electrical relay station, slowing the electrical current sent by the SA node before the signal is passed to the ventricles.

The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle, in one minute. Calculated as $CO = HR \times SV$, where CO is cardiac output, HR is heart rate, and SV is stroke volume.

The part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Transmits electrical impulses from the AV node throughout the ventricles, allowing for a coordinated contraction.

Located in the ventricles of the heart, they contract to tighten the chordae tendineae and prevent the inversion of the valves during systole (ventricular contraction).

The middle muscular layer of the heart wall, responsible for the pumping action.

The force that circulating blood exerts against the wall of the body's arteries, expressed by two measurements: systolic (during heart contraction) over diastolic (during heart relaxation).

Sensory receptors that detect changes in blood pressure and relay information to the brainstem to adjust heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

The sequence of mechanical and electrical events that repeats with every heartbeat. It includes diastole, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.

Helps regulate the heart rate via parasympathetic innervation, often leading to a decrease in heart rate.

The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction, can be calculated using the formula $SV = EDV - ESV$, where SV is stroke volume, EDV is end-diastolic volume, and ESV is end-systolic volume.

The resistance against which the heart must pump to eject blood during systole, often equated with arterial blood pressure.

The percentage of blood that is ejected out of the ventricles with each heart beat, a common measure of heart efficiency. Calculated as $EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100$, where EF is ejection fraction, SV is stroke volume, and EDV is end-diastolic volume.

The relationship between stroke volume and preload, stating that the greater the volume of blood in the heart before contraction, the greater the volume of blood ejected during systole.

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.