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Consolidation and Settlement

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Secondary Compression

Secondary compression is the gradual, time-dependent rearrangement of soil particles after primary consolidation under constant load, not primarily caused by the expulsion of pore water. Expressed as

C_a = \frac{{\Delta e}}{{\log (t_2 / t_1)}}

, where

e

is void ratio.

Settlement Calculation

Settlement calculation involves determining the consolidation settlement of soil layers under applied loads, using the formula

S = H_0 \cdot C_c \cdot \log\left(\frac{{\sigma'_f}}{{\sigma'_0}}\right)

, where

H_0

is the original thickness and

\sigma'_f

and

\sigma'_0

are final and initial effective stresses respectively.

Coefficient of Volume Change (mv)

The coefficient of volume change (mv) defines the compressibility of a soil layer, considering its thickness change per unit of effective stress change. It can be determined from oedometer test results with the formula

m_v = \frac{{\Delta e}}{{\Delta \sigma_v'}}

, where

\Delta e

is the change in void ratio and

\Delta \sigma_v'

is the change in effective stress.

Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv)

The coefficient of consolidation characterizes the rate at which consolidation occurs, determined from consolidation test data, often using the log-time method on the curve of void ratio vs. time.

Void Ratio (e)

Void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids in a soil sample, and is a fundamental property related to the compressibility and consolidation of soils.

Time Factor (Tv)

The time factor (Tv) is a dimensionless parameter that relates the time of consolidation to the properties of the soil and the drainage path length, represented by

T_v = \frac{{C_v \cdot t}}{{d^2}}

, where

C_v

is the coefficient of consolidation,

t

is time, and

d

is the drainage path length.

Compression Index (Cc)

The compression index is a parameter that quantifies the amount a soil will compress under a given load range, typically found from the slope of the straight-line portion of a plot of void ratio vs. log of effective stress.

Preconsolidation Pressure

Preconsolidation pressure is the maximum past vertical effective stress that a soil has experienced. Determined using Casagrande's method from a void ratio-effective stress plot.

Primary Consolidation

Primary consolidation is the process of soil settlement due to the expulsion of pore water from the soil's voids, under constant effective stress. Calculation usually requires the use of Terzaghi's 1-D consolidation theory, expressed by

U = \frac{{T_v}}{{C_v \, t}}

Oedometer Test

An oedometer test evaluates the compressibility of soils under varying loads and helps in calculating the consolidation settlement of soils. It measures the change in height of a soil sample in an oedometer cell under incremental loading.

Recompression Index (Cr)

The recompression index is a measure of the soil's ability to recompress upon reloading and is found as the slope of the initial, flatter portion of a plot of void ratio vs. log of effective stress, depicting the recompression path.

Degree of Consolidation (U)

The degree of consolidation (U) represents the percentage of consolidation settlement that has occurred at any given time. Calculated using Terzaghi's 1-D consolidation theory,

U = \frac{{T_v}}{{C_v \, t}}

, illustrates the extent of settlement at a specific time.

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