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Purpose: Determine the plasticity and consistency of fine-grained soils to classify them. Procedure: Gradually wet soil samples are tested for limits of phase changes from semi-solid to plastic (plastic limit) and from plastic to liquid (liquid limit).

Purpose: Determine the soil compaction characteristics and its optimal moisture content. Procedure: Compact soil in a mold at various moisture contents with controlled hammer blows to create a compaction curve.

Purpose: Evaluate the mechanical properties of soil like shear strength under controlled stress conditions. Procedure: Soil cylinder is compressed under confining pressure to find its shear resistance at different stress levels.

Purpose: Grain size distribution of fine-grained soils is determined using Stokes' Law. Procedure: Soil is dispersed in a suspension, and particle settling velocity is measured with a hydrometer at different times.

Purpose: Establish the particle size distribution for granular soils. Procedure: Soil is passed through a stack of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes and the mass retained on each sieve is measured.

Purpose: Assess the strength of subgrade and base/sub-base materials for road and pavement design. Procedure: A standard plunger penetrates a compacted soil sample at a constant rate, and the bearing ratio is calculated.

Purpose: Determine the shear strength parameters of a soil, such as cohesion and the angle of internal friction. Procedure: Soil sample is sheared along a failure plane while being compressed under a normal load.

Purpose: Measure settlement and the rate of consolidation of soils under load over time. Procedure: Vertical load is applied to a soil sample within an oedometer to track time-related deformation and calculate the Coefficient of Consolidation.

Purpose: On-site determination of the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil. Procedure: A vane is inserted into the soil and rotated to measure resistance to shearing.

Purpose: Estimate the hydraulic conductivity of soil to evaluate water flow through it. Procedure: Water is passed through a soil sample and flow rates are measured to determine permeability.

Purpose: Simplest test to assess the shear strength of cohesive soils without lateral confinement. Procedure: Axial stress is applied to a cylindrical soil sample until failure occurs.

Purpose: Determine the permeability of fine soils. Procedure: Water is allowed to flow through the soil specimen and the rate of fall of water head is recorded to calculate the permeability.

Purpose: Determine the relationship between soil compaction and moisture content using heavier compaction. Procedure: Similar to the Standard Proctor Test but with greater hammer weight and drop height, resulting in a modified compaction curve.

Purpose: Estimate bearing capacity of soils and settlements related to shallow foundations. Procedure: Load is gradually applied to a soil sample through a rigid plate, and the settlement corresponding to each load increment is recorded.