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Ground shaking is the most noticeable effect of an earthquake, caused by the propagation of seismic waves. It can damage buildings, bridges, and other structures, with typical signs including collapsed structures, cracked foundations, and broken pipelines.

Soil amplification refers to the increase in seismic wave amplitude as the waves travel upward through softer layers of soil. This can lead to greater shaking intensity at the surface. Signs include disproportionate building damage relative to the earthquake magnitude, especially in areas with soft sedimentary layers.

A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Earthquakes can induce landslides by shaking loose unstable slopes. Signs include abrupt land movement, roads or paths that are broken or displaced, and exposed bedrock.

Soil liquefaction occurs when saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, such as shaking during an earthquake, causing it to behave like a liquid. Typical signs include sand boils, ground settlement, and damage to structures due to foundation failure.

Ground rupture is the visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which can cause severe damage to buildings and infrastructure. Signs include linear features like cracks and fissures along the ground, abrupt changes in elevation, and lateral shifting of roads and footpaths.

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. The signs include a rapid change in coastal water level, retreat of the sea before the wave arrival, and debris lines or damaged vegetation at high-water marks after wave withdrawal.

Subsidence is the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land, which can be accelerated by an earthquake. Signs of subsidence include new or widening cracks in the ground, walls, and foundations, as well as uneven floors and a change in water drainage patterns.