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Types of Soil Stresses

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Normal Stress

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Stress that occurs perpendicular to a surface. It's common in structures that bear weight vertically, such as columns and walls.

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Triaxial Stress

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A condition where stress is applied in three perpendicular directions; used in triaxial tests to measure soil strength under controlled conditions.

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Shear Stress

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Stress acting parallel to a surface. It is a main factor in soil failure along slip planes and is crucial to understanding landslides.

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Preconsolidation Stress

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Maximum past normal stress that a soil has sustained. Understanding this helps predict the soil's behavior under future loading conditions.

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Hydrostatic Stress

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Stress condition where equal stress is applied in all directions; commonly occurs in fluids or in saturated soils under water pressure.

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Uniaxial Stress

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Stress that is applied in one direction only, typically encountered in unconfined compression tests for cohesive soils.

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Consolidation Stress

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Resultant stress from the process of reduction in soil volume and water content due to prolonged static loads, as seen in soil settlement.

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Effective Stress

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The stress that is carried by the soil skeleton. It is the difference between total stress and pore water pressure, and is central to soil behavior analysis.

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