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A fundamental equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. Units: m³/s when dealing with the flow rate (Q).

A condition in which hydraulic conductivity varies with direction in the material. Units: m/s for each direction.

The action by which water is drawn into small pores due to surface tension and adhesive forces, often against the pull of gravity. Units: dimensionless for capillary rise.

The physical property of a material that quantifies the ability of a porous medium to transmit fluids through it. Units: m² (commonly expressed as Darcy).

A measure of a soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient. Units: m/s

The actual velocity at which water flows through the connected pore spaces in soil. Units: m/s

The stress that compacts the soil skeleton and affects its deformation and stability. Units: Pa (Pascal) or kPa (kiloPascal).

The pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles. Units: Pa (Pascal) or kPa (kiloPascal).

A geological formation capable of storing and transmitting water, such as gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock like limestone. Units: m³ for volume of water.