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Similar to test pits but elongated in shape for linear exploration. Used for examining soil profiles and locating utilities or buried structures. Reveals horizontal soil variability.

A flat blade with a membrane is inserted into the soil, and lateral pressure is applied. Measures soil properties like stiffness, in situ stress, and stratigraphy.

Involves sending seismic waves between boreholes to measure the speed of sound through soil and rock. Assesses material properties, integrity, and detects anomalies among depths.

Pushes a cone-tipped probe into the soil and measures resistance to penetration. Gives continuous profiles for soil type identification and engineering properties like density and strength.

Used for visual examination of soil strata and sample collection, typically up to depths of 3 to 4 meters. Reveals soil profile, color, texture, and moisture content.

Drops a heavy weight to drive a sample tube into the soil at the bottom of a borehole. Estimates soil bearing capacity and density, commonly used in foundation design.

Involves creating a narrow shaft deep into the ground to collect soil samples and install monitoring equipment. Provides information on soil layering, strength, and groundwater levels.

Rotates a four-blade vane in the soil to measure resistance against shearing, providing shear strength data for clays. Helps in assessing the stability of cohesive soil deposits.

Uses non-invasive techniques like seismic, resistivity, and GPR to infer subsurface conditions. Detects variations in density, moisture, and material types without physical disruption.