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Qualitative system for classifying rock mass based on five parameters: uniaxial compressive strength, rock quality designation (RQD), spacing of discontinuities, condition of discontinuities, and groundwater conditions. It is used to estimate support requirements in underground excavations.

Quantifies the quality of the rock mass and its deformability. RMi is calculated using uniaxial compressive strength and a factor reflecting the structure of the rock mass. It assists in the preliminary design stages of rock engineering projects by aiding in the choice of appropriate construction techniques.

A system that visually estimates the structural features and strength of the rock mass. The GSI is determined by assessing the rock surface condition and the blockiness of the rock mass, and it is used to estimate the deformability and strength of rock masses in situ.

Developed by Barton et al. in 1974, this empirical system quantifies rock mass quality using six parameters: RQD, joint set number, joint water reduction factor, joint roughness number, joint alteration number, and stress reduction factor. It's primarily used in tunneling to design support systems.

A classification system that places emphasis on the description and characterization of the rock mass, including details about joint spacing, persistence, roughness, infilling, and groundwater conditions. It is used to plan the excavation and support measures in Norwegian tunnelling projects.