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Deep foundations are used to transfer loads through weak strata of soil or fill on near surface to stronger, deeper layers that have the capacity to support the load. Commonly used for tall structures or where ground conditions are poor.

Drilled shafts, also known as caissons, are deep foundation systems that are constructed by first drilling a deep hole, then filling it with concrete and reinforcement. Used in the construction of large structures such as bridges.

A compensated foundation uses excavation of soil which weight equals the weight of the new structure, essentially 'compensating' for the new load. Useful in urban construction to avoid excessive settlement.

A combined footing supports multiple columns, often when they are too close to each other so their footings overlap. It is used when the bearing capacity of the soil is relatively low or uneven.

A raft foundation is a large concrete slab which can support a number of columns and walls. It is used where soil is weak, and spreads the load over a larger area.

Strip foundations consist of a continuous strip, often made of concrete, which supports the weight of a wall. Typically used for load-bearing walls in low-rise buildings.

Pad foundations are isolated concrete blocks that carry and spread individual point loads to the ground. They are used for supporting individual points of concentrated loads such as structural columns.

Eccentric footings are used when a column or support does not occur symmetrically in the center of the footing, often due to property boundaries or pre-existing structures.

A pile foundation uses long, slender columns driven or drilled to transfer loads to deeper and more stable soil or rock layers. Pile foundations are ideal for heavy loads in weak soils and for offshore constructions.

A shallow foundation transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface. It is typically used when the ground has sufficient bearing capacity within a shallow depth below the surface.

A continuous footing extends along multiple columns or walls and distributes the building load over an extended area. Typically used when there are closely spaced columns.