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Pumping tests are conducted to determine the hydraulic properties of aquifers, including transmissivity and storativity. The test involves pumping a well at a steady rate and observing the change in water level in both the pumped well and nearby observation wells.

Infiltration tests, such as the double-ring infiltrometer method, are used to determine the rate at which soil can absorb surface water. They are crucial for evaluating the design of drainage and irrigation systems.

ERT measures the electrical resistivity to infer subsurface features and groundwater salinity. An array of electrodes is used to inject current into the ground, and the potential is measured to map resistivity contrasts.

This analysis involves sampling water from wells or springs and testing for various parameters like pH, dissolved ions, and contaminants to understand the chemical characteristics of groundwater.

Slug tests assess the hydraulic conductivity of aquifers near the well. It involves abruptly adding or removing a known volume of water from a well and then monitoring the water level recovery back to static conditions.

The SWCC describes the relationship between the soil's water content and its matric suction. It's used to predict the hydraulic conductivity and the soil moisture-holding capacity, which are critical for understanding infiltration and drainage.

Isotope hydrology uses the distribution of stable and radioactive isotopes to trace the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle and to deduce information regarding the age and origins of groundwater.

GPR is a non-invasive method used to visualize the subsurface. It helps in identifying soil stratigraphy, voids, and groundwater tables based on the reflection of electromagnetic waves.

Percolation tests assess the absorption rate of soil for the installation of septic systems and leach fields. The test involves digging a hole, saturating the soil, and then measuring the rate at which water is absorbed into the subsurface.