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Also known as the New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM), this method adapts to varying ground conditions by using a variety of support methods like shotcrete, rock bolts, and ribs. It is best used in geologically unpredictable areas.

This method pushes pipes through the ground as a shield machine excavates the soil. It is commonly used to install utility pipelines underground without the need for excavation from the surface.

Similar to pipe jacking, box jacking is a method where precast concrete boxes are pushed through the earth. Ideal for underpasses and service tunnels under railways and highways without disturbing the traffic above.

A method utilizing tunnel boring machines (TBMs) or shield tunneling machines to excavate tunnels through various soil and rock strata. They are typically used for longer tunnels under cities, rivers, and mountains where surface disruption must be minimized.

A traditional tunneling method that involves drilling holes into the rock face and using explosives to blast it away. It is best used in situations where tunneling machines are not viable, such as when the tunnel passes through complicated geological conditions.

A remotely controlled, laser-guided precision method suitable for small diameter pipeline installations. Typically involves a tunnel boring machine and is executed from the surface with minimal disruption.

A simple tunneling method where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel. Generally used in shallow tunnels and where there is ample space to work from the surface.