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Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering

Consolidation and Settlement

Dewatering Techniques for Construction

Erosion Control Methods

Earthquake-Induced Ground Failures

Environmental Geotechnics

Excavation Support Systems

Geosynthetics and Their Uses

Ground Improvement Techniques

Geotechnical Risk Assessment

Foundation Types and Uses

Geotechnical Aspects of Landfill Design

Geotechnical Testing Methods

Hydrogeological Assessment Techniques

In-situ Soil Testing

Lateral Earth Pressures

Pavement Design Fundamentals

Types of Soil Stresses

Tunneling Techniques

Retaining Structures

Slope Stability Analysis

Soil Permeability and Seepage

Soil Dynamics

Soil Compaction Techniques

Soil Classification Systems

Soil and Rock Discontinuities

Shallow and Deep Foundations

Rock Mass Classifications

Soil-Bearing Capacity Concepts

Soil Reinforcement Methods

Subgrade Stabilization Methods

Subsurface Exploration Techniques

In-situ Soil Testing

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Pressuremeter Test (PMT)

Purpose: Measure soil stress-strain response and strength. Method: Insert a probe into a borehole and inflate to determine the soil's deformation. Data obtained: Creep pressure (pc), limit pressure (pl), and modulus of elasticity (E).

Seismic Cone Penetration Test (SCPT)

Purpose: Determine dynamic soil properties. Method: Perform CPT with additional seismic sensors to measure shear wave velocity. Data obtained: Shear wave velocity (Vs), cone resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs).

Piezocone Penetration Test (PCPT)

Purpose: Determine soil stratigraphy, classification, and pore water pressure. Method: Similar to CPT but includes measurement of pore water pressure during penetration. Data obtained: Cone resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs), pore water pressure (u).

Flat Plate Dilatometer Test (FDT)

Purpose: Evaluate soil stratigraphy and mechanical properties. Method: Push a flat plate with a membrane into the soil to measure resistance. Data obtained: Soil's modulus of elasticity, in-situ horizontal stress, and material index.

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Purpose: Determine soil properties relevant to foundation design. Method: Drive a hollow tube into the ground and count the number of blows needed for each 300mm penetration. Data obtained: Number of blows (N-value), soil samples.

Crosshole Seismic Test

Purpose: Measure elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio of soil. Method: Use boreholes to transmit and receive seismic waves across a soil section. Data obtained: Shear wave velocity (Vs), compressional wave velocity (Vp), dynamic elastic moduli.

Borehole Shear Test (BST)

Purpose: Assess the shear strength of soil in-situ. Method: Apply rotational force to test apparatus in a borehole and measure the torque required to shear the soil. Data obtained: Shear strength, angle of internal friction, cohesive strength.

Vane Shear Test (VST)

Purpose: Measure in-situ shear strength of cohesive soils. Method: Insert a four-blade vane into soil, rotate it, and measure resistance to torsion. Data obtained: Shear strength of the soil.

Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

Purpose: Assess subsurface stratigraphy and estimate geotechnical parameters. Method: Push a cone penetrometer into the soil measuring resistance. Data obtained: Cone resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs), pore water pressure (u2).

Dilatometer Test (DMT)

Purpose: Evaluate soil modulus and lateral stress. Method: Insert a flat blade into the soil, which expands horizontally to measure resistance. Data obtained: Horizontal stress index (KD), dilatometer modulus (ED), material index (ID).

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