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Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

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Symptoms: heartburn, regurgitation, trouble swallowing. Diagnosis: clinical findings, pH monitoring, endoscopy. Treatment: lifestyle changes, medications (H2 blockers or PPIs), surgery in severe cases.

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Lactose Intolerance

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Symptoms: diarrhea, gas, bloating after consuming dairy. Diagnosis: hydrogen breath test, lactose tolerance test. Treatment: dietary modifications, lactase supplements.

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Appendicitis

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Symptoms: abdominal pain starting at the umbilicus moving to right lower quadrant, fever, nausea. Diagnosis: clinical examination, ultrasound or CT scan if uncertain. Treatment: surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy).

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Functional Constipation

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Symptoms: infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, straining during bowel movement. Diagnosis: clinical criteria, ruling out organic causes. Treatment: dietary fiber increase, laxatives, behavior modification.

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

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Symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating, constipation or diarrhea. Diagnosis: exclusion of other causes, symptom-based criteria (Rome IV). Treatment: dietary changes, stress management, medications.

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Intussusception

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Symptoms: abdominal pain, 'currant jelly' stools, vomiting. Diagnosis: ultrasound, air or barium enema. Treatment: non-surgical reduction with enema, surgery if unsuccessful or complications arise.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

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Symptoms: chronic diarrhea, blood in stool, abdominal pain, weight loss. Diagnosis: endoscopy, imaging studies, biopsy. Treatment: medications (anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive), surgery, dietary management.

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Hirschsprung's Disease

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Symptoms: chronic constipation, failure to pass meconium, abdominal distension. Diagnosis: barium enema, anorectal manometry, rectal biopsy. Treatment: surgical removal of affected bowel segment (pull-through procedure).

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Celiac Disease

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Symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, fatigue. Diagnosis: serological tests for specific antibodies, small intestine biopsy. Treatment: strict gluten-free diet.

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Acute Gastroenteritis

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Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration. Diagnosis: clinical presentation, stool tests if bacterial or parasitic cause suspected. Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement, antidiarrheals, antiemetics.

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