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Purpose: To determine the lens prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses. Description: Through a series of lenses in a device called a phoropter, patients respond to which lenses make the vision clearer.

Purpose: To examine the anterior segment and posterior segment of the human eye. Description: A high-intensity light source is used to illuminate the eye while a microscope examines the eye in detail.

Purpose: To treat posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. Description: A YAG laser creates a small opening in the cloudy capsule behind the intraocular lens, restoring clear vision.

Purpose: To map the surface curvature of the cornea. Description: A computer-assisted diagnostic tool creates a three-dimensional map, which is essential for corneal disease diagnosis and surgery planning.

Purpose: To visualize blood flow in the retina and detect circulatory problems. Description: An orange dye is injected into a vein in the arm, and photos are taken as it passes through the retinal vessels.

Purpose: To measure the central and peripheral (side) vision. Description: A patient looks straight ahead while lights flash in their peripheral vision, and they indicate when they see the lights.

Purpose: To open blocked tear ducts. Description: A thin probe is inserted into the tear duct to clear obstructions, commonly performed in infants with congenital blockages.

Purpose: To measure the thickness of the cornea. Description: Using ultrasonic waves, the device measures the corneal thickness, which is important for assessing suitability for refractive surgery and monitoring corneal diseases.

Purpose: To examine the health of the retina and the back of the eye. Description: Drops are placed in the eye to enlarge the pupil, allowing a healthcare provider to assess the optic nerve, retina, and blood vessels.

Purpose: To measure intraocular pressure (IOP) to screen for glaucoma. Description: A device gently contacts the cornea or sends a puff of air to determine pressure within the eye.

Purpose: To image the eyes when the visual pathway is obstructed. Description: High-frequency sound waves are used to create images of the eye's inside when the media is not clear for usual examination.