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Normal Bone Physiology
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Compact Bone
Provides strength and rigidity to bones, acts as a supportive structure.
Spongy Bone
Reduces the density of bone, making it lighter and providing space for marrow and blood vessels.
Osteoblasts
Responsible for bone formation, secretes bone matrix and initiates calcification.
Osteoclasts
Involved in bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue, which is crucial for growth, healing, and remodeling.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and transmit mechanical strains through the bone.
Hydroxyapatite
Provides hardness and strength to bones, allowing them to withstand compression.
Collagen Fibers
Contributes to the flexibility and tensile strength of bones, reducing the risk of fractures.
Bone Marrow
Produces blood cells and platelets, important for immunity and clotting.
Periosteum
Protects bone and serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments, also involved in bone growth and repair.
Endosteum
Lines the inner surface of bone cavities, involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.
Haversian Systems (or Osteons)
Structural unit of compact bone, allows for nutrient and waste exchange.
Volkmann's Canals
Allow for vascular and nerve supply to deeper bone tissues and communication with the bone's exterior.
Lamellae
Thin layers of bone tissue in compact bone that add strength and stability.
Canaliculi
Allow for communication between osteocytes and the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Reflects the strength of bones and their resistance to fracture.
Wolff's Law
Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
Calcium Homeostasis
Regulates the bone remodeling process, influenced by calcium intake, vitamin D levels, and hormones like parathyroid hormone.
Vitamin D
Facilitates calcium absorption in the gut, essential for normal bone formation and remodeling.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, thus regulating bone resorption.
Growth Plates (Epiphyseal Plates)
Responsible for longitudinal bone growth during childhood and adolescence.
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